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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 39 (1988), S. 184-196 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, analytic solutions of the nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic forms of Long's model were obtained under two different sets of vertical boundary conditions: The first uses a sumusoidal obstacle at the lower boundary and a rigid-lid top for the upper boundary. The second set applies an isolated obstacle of the “Witch of Agnesi” type at the lower boundary, while still using a rigid lid at the top. Following the solution evaluations, comparisons between the nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic solutions were processed in order to describe several influences introduced by using the hydrostatic assumption in this model. Through comparisons we have found that, in the case of a sinusoidal lower boundary condition, the hydrostatic solution is obtained as the zero mode of the nonhydrostatic solution. The influence of the hydrostatic assumption on the model solution is trivial in this case. When an isolated lower boundary condition is applied, however, the solutions illustrate dramatic differences, showing the significance of the effect of hydrostatic assumption on this model's solutions. These effects vary considerably with the model parameters as well. The comparison results also reveal that the realization of the hydrostatic assumption in this model's solutions is accomplished through the vertical boundary conditions used in the model evaluations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1985), S. 3-26 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die zweidimensionale, numerische Simulierung der Seebrisenentwicklung über einer großen Sandbank an der Nordseeküste Deutschlands wird beschrieben. Das hier angewandte Modell enthält eine detaillierte Behandlung der Bodenfeuchte, welche eine Auswertung des Effektes differenzierter Oberflächencharakteristika auf die Luftströmung erlaubt. Rechnungsresultate zeigen, daß der Kontrast zwischen Sandbank und benachbartem, trockenem Land, die gezeitenbewirkte Überflutung der Sandbank und die nach Osten vorrückende Seebrise der Ostsee eine wichtige Rolle in der Entwicklung von mesoskalaren Strömungsverteilungen im Gebiet der Sandbank spielen.
    Notes: Summary Two-dimensional numerical simulations of sea breeze development over a large sandbar on the North Sea coast of Germany are reported. The numerical model used in these experiments contains a detailed treatment of soil moisture, which allows evaluation of the effects of differential surface characteristics on the airflow pattern. Results of the simulations indicate that the contrast between the moist sandbar and adjacent dry land, the tidal inundation of the sandbar, and the westward penetration of the Baltic sea breeze play important roles in the development of mesoscale airflow patterns in the sandbar region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 40 (1989), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Generalized hydrostatic and geostrophic equations can be derived from the equations in the terrain-following framework. The generalized hydrostatic equation permits some non-hydrostatic motions (as obtained from a Cartesian framework) to remain when a non-zero slope exists. Correspondingly, the generalized geostrophic wind permits a horizontal divergent component (in addition to divergence caused by the change of Coriolis parameter with latitude) to occur when the slope angle is not zero.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 1-40 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Zusammenwachsen oder Verschmelzen von Cumulus-Wolken wird als einer der Hauptgründe für ihr Wachstum sowie für ihren Einfluß auf ihre Umgebung und auf die durch sie bewerkstelligten Transportprozesse angesehen. Das Verschmelzen von Cumulus-Schauern wird auf Grund der von einem kalibrierten und digitisierten 10-cm-Radar empfangenen Echos definiert. Das Radargerät überblickt eine Fläche von 0.9×105 km2 im Süden Floridas (U. S. A.), die ein Exerimentalgebiet von 1.3×104 km2 für randomisierte Wolkenimpfung umgibt. Eine detaillierte physikalische und statistische Studie für drei relativ ungestörte Tage ohne Wolkenimpfung während des Sommers 1973 wird hiermit vorgelegt. Der trockenste dieser Tage war willkürlich als Kontrolltag für das Wolkenimpfungsexperiment gewählt worden. Verschmelzungsprozesse weisen um mehr als eine Größenordnung mehr Niederschlag auf als unverschmolzene Echos, während Verschmelzungen von Verschmelzungen (Verschmelzungen zweiter Ordnung) nochmals eine Größenordnung mehr Regen ergeben. An den drei untersuchten Tagen produzierten verschmolzene Systeme ungefähr 86% des über dem Untersuchungsgebiet beobachteten Regens. Andauer, Echoausmaß und Niederschlagshöhe werden für verschmolzene und unverschmolzene Wolkensysteme verglichen. Jeder Tag wird individuell analysiert, wobei eine Korrelation zwischen Wolkenorganisation und Niederschlagsbetrag angedeutet wird, die auch von anderen, kurz erwähnten Forschungsarbeiten bekräftigt wurde. Ort und Zeit des Verschmelzens hängen von der Seewind-Konvergenzzone ab, welche durch das mesoskalare Rechenmodell der University of Virginia gut vorhergesagt wurde. Eine physikalische Hypothese über die Wichtigkeit der Absinkbewegung während des Cumulus-Verschmelzungsprozesses wird dargelegt. Die Bedeutung der Verschmelzungsvorgänge für die Hydrologie, für die künstliche Wetterbeeinflussung und für den großräumigen Einfluß konvektiver Wolken wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Joining together or merging is postulated to be a major way in which convective clouds become larger, enhancing their transports and impacts upon their environment. Cumulus shower merger is defined in terms of echoes from a calibrated digitized 10-cm radar reviewing a 0.9×105 km2 area in south Florida, U. S. A., which encompasses a 1.3×104 km2 experimental area for randomized seeding. A detailed physical and statistical study is reported for three relatively undisturbed untreated days in the summer of 1973, the driest of which was a randomly selected control day for the experiment. Mergers are found to produce more than an order of magnitude more rain than unmerged echoes, while mergers of mergers (second order mergers) produce still an order of magnitude more rain. On the three days studied, merged systems produced about 86% of the rainfall over the area. Duration, echo area and rain depths are also compared for merged and unmerged systems. Each day is then analyzed individually, indicating a correlation between organization and rain amount, confirmed by other research reviewed briefly. The location and time of merger is related to the seabreeze convergence zones as predicted by the University of Virginia Mesoscale Model with overall good agreement. Physical hypotheses suggesting the importance of downdrafts in cumulus merging are developed. The relevance of mergers to hydrology, weather modification and the large-scale impacts of convective clouds is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper presents a range of applications of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), a comprehensive mesoscale meterological modeling system. Applications discussed in this paper include large eddy simulations (LES) and simulations of thunderstorms, cumulus fields, mesoscale convective systems, mid-latitude cirrus clouds, winter storms, mechanically- and thermally-forced mesoscale systems, and mesoscale atmospheric disperision. A summary of current RAMS options is also presented. Improvements to RAMS currently underway include refinements to the cloud radiation, cloud microphysics, cumulus, and surface soil/vegetative parameterization schemes, the parallelization of the code, development of a more versatile visualization capability, and research into meso-α-scale cumulus parameterization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 37 (1987), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper we show using a three-dimensional mesoscale model that terrain forcing has a major effect on the observed snowfall distribution under upslope conditions in northeast Colorado. Two upslope snowstorms (in 1982 and in 1985) were simulated. The effects are strongly dependent on the orientation of the prevailing wind with respect to terrain orientation. It is suggested that an approach such as discussed in this paper could be used in a forecasting mode, combined with traditional tools such as the NWS Limited Fine Mesh Model (LFM) or Nested Grid Model (NGM). In both of these cases the LFM correctly predicted the development of these storms. However, due to its much coarser resolution it was unable to resolve the terrain-forced variation evident in the simulations presented here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 4 (1990), S. 133-155 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: land use ; climate ; climate change ; land use alteration ; landscape patterns ; weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the physical linkage between the surface and the atmosphere, and demonstrates how even slight changes in surface conditions can have a pronounced effect on weather and climate. Observational and modeling evidence are presented to demonstrate the influence of landscape type on the overlying atmospheric conditions. The albedo, and the fractional partitioning of atmospheric turbulent heat flux into sensible and latent fluxes is shown to be particularly important in directly affecting local and regional weather and climate. It is concluded that adequate assessment of global climate and climate change cannot be achieved unless mesoscale landscape characteristics and their changes over time can be accurately determined.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 37 (1993), S. 96-100 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Halophytes — Effect on weather ; arid region climate modification ; irrigation — Effect on weather ; vegetation — Effect on weather ; Deliberate climate modification by vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The practicality of modifying climate in arid regions through irrigation has up to now been constrained by the availability of fresh water with which to grow crops. The present results suggest a new paradigm: the use of salt water to grow halophyte crops and modify local climate along coastal deserts and other arid regions where saline water supplies are available.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 31 (1987), S. 45-55 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A coupled atmosphere-soil model was applied in order to evaluate the impact of soil wetness on human stress in the absence of horizontal gradients in moisture. The results are illustrated and discussed with consideration to various combinations of wind speed and lower level atmospheric moisture during daylight hours with summer weather conditions. A thermal index composed of the air temperature and wet-bulb temperature does not show major changes as a function of variation of soil mosture. When wind speed and solar radiation are also considered, in a more detailed thermal index, relatively wet soil is associated with the optimal thermal comfort.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of nonlinear science 2 (1992), S. 293-318 
    ISSN: 1432-1467
    Keywords: bioclimatic system behavior ; constant time lag ; strong and weak delay ; Hopf bifurcation ; asymptotic local and global stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Summary We consider further the Differential Daisyworld model of Watson and Lovelock that we have analyzed in a previous paper (De Gregorio et al., 1992). In this work we introduce a delay in the birthrate of the species. We consider three different models: the constant time lag model and the strong and the weak delay models. In the weak delay case no value of the delay changes the asymptotic stability of the stationary solutions. In the constant time lag and in the strong delay models, however, there exists a critical value of the delay, above which periodic solutions appear. These periodic solutions are numerically found to be globally attracting even for large delay when the linear approximation analysis is no longer valid. For both models, very regular behavior is obtained if the percentage coverage of the fertile ground of the Earth is much less than 1. As the percentage of the fertile ground increases, however, chaotic behavior is possible.
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