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  • 1
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    Characteristic horizontal length and form of large-scale self-aggregation of clouds in radiative-convective equilibrium (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-07
    Description: The organization of deep moist convection is considered to play an important role in the water and energy cycles in the tropical atmosphere. The nature of convective organization has been studied by idealized numerical simulations of clouds in radiative–convective equilibrium. However, because the behavior of simulated clouds is significantly affected by the computational domain, natural characteristics inherent in the moist convective system are not fully understood. To investigate the natural horizontal scale and horizontal form of the large-scale organization of deep moist convection, a series of numerical simulations were performed to systematically extend the horizontal domain size from about 1000 km to about 25000 km. When the domain size was larger than approximately 5000 km, domain mean variables in statistical equilibrium converged to identical values. In the wide domain simulations, the humid–cloudy area exhibited a mesh-like horizontal pattern analogous to shallow convective organizations. The horizontal length of the organization was approximately 3000–4000 km based on spectral analyses. Further, the factors responsible for determining the length scale were diagnosed based on a previous theory focused on boundary layer dynamics. The diagnosis suggests that the boundary layer buoyancy field is closely related to the length scale. Further study using a hierarchy of models is needed to bridge the self-aggregation of clouds in the idealized atmosphere and the convective organization in the real-world atmosphere.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 2
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    Tackling Errors Toward Realistic Seamless Representation in Kilometer-scale Climate Simulations With NICAM (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-28
    Description: A global kilometer-scale (K-scale) “convection-resolving” model (GCRM) simulation on the climate time scale is one of strategies for the more accuracy of cloud-related processes in the climate system. Against this background and the recent advent of a flagship supercomputer “Fugaku” in Japan, a reliable global K-scale multi-year simulation using the Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) is now in sight. While this activity expects the good reproducibility of both climatological statistics and weather disturbances, we also know that this is not straightforward in that there exist resolution-independent model errors at least for O(1–10)-km grid spacing. We have tackled this problem, which partly comes from the poor constraint of a moisture-convection relation contributed by physics-dynamics coupling even in K-scale, via the update and/or tuning of cloud microphysics, unresolved turbulence, and vertical resolutions. In an ongoing AMIP-type 10-year simulation at 3.5-km mesh (about 5 years completed), we have statistically confirmed a successful reproduction of many atmospheric aspects over a wide range of spatio-temporal scales (e.g., mean precipitation and OLR distributions, mid-latitude westerly jets, monsoon, MJO, tropical cyclone intensity, and precipitation diurnal cycle). Meanwhile, we also face several issues for high-resolution climate modeling such as the non-triviality of the appropriate representation of low clouds in K-scale NICAM. In this talk, the above recent progress and challenges in our activity are presented, including the perspectives from process-oriented diagnostics and resolution dependency. A current status of simulations with the ocean-coupled NICAM will also be introduced.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial sequence and kinetics of silicide formation in cobalt/amorphous-silicon multilayer thin films (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 4287-4294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The sequence of cobalt silicide phase formation in cobalt/amorphous-silicon multilayer thin films has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, thin film x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis in a scanning transmission electron microscope. Multilayer thin films with various overall atomic concentration ratios (2Co:1Si, 1Co:1Si, 1Co:2Si) and various bilayer thicknesses were used in this study. It was found that an amorphous intermixed layer about 10 nm thick preexisted at the as-deposited cobalt/amorphous-silicon interface. Crystalline CoSi was always the first phase to nucleate in the interdiffused layer. The CoSi nucleates and coalesces into a continuous layer at temperatures as low as about 260 °C, but does not thicken until the next phase forms. Which phase forms second is determined by whether Co and Si remain after formation of the CoSi layer. The activation energy for the initial nucleation and growth of the CoSi layer was found to be 1.6±0.1 eV. When excess cobalt is present, Co2Si is the next phase to form at about 350 °C. Co2Si grows with the coexisting CoSi layer remaining approximately a constant thickness of about 5 nm. The activation energy for growth of the Co2Si was 2.0±0.1 eV. After the cobalt is fully consumed, Co2Si reacts with excess silicon (if there is any) to form more CoSi at about 400 °C. This process has an activation energy of 1.9±0.1 eV. If excess silicon still exists after all of the Co2Si has transformed to CoSi, CoSi2 formation follows at about 500 °C with an activation energy of 2.5±0.1 eV. The activation energies of the above phase transformations were determined by analyzing calorimetric data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349106
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amorphization of M-Si (M=Ni, Co, Mo, Mn, and Cr) powders by ball milling using revolution-step-like-decreasing mode (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 1433-1435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Amorphous alloy powders of the silicide type M-Si (M=Ni, Co, Mo, Mn, and Cr) are produced from crystalline elemental powders by high-energy ball milling using revolution-step-like-decreasing (RSD) mode. In the ball milling using the RSD mode, after promoting true chemical alloying in milled powder samples under high-vial rotation of the ball mill in the earlier stage, the medium- or low-vial rotations in the successive milling stages lead to amorphization of powder products due to making recovery processes, like nucleation of more stable phases, less prevailing. Amorphicity of the RSD milled powder samples is examined by x-ray diffraction and/or differential scanning calorimetry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107313
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical effect of ternary additions on amorphization in Fe-C systems by mechanical alloying (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 2961-2963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mechanical alloying (MA) of elemental powder mixtures of Fe83C17 and Fe58A25C17 (at. %) (A=Cr, Mo, Mn, or Ni) is performed using a planetary ball mill. In the MA processing, the ternary additions Cr, Mo, and Mn lead to the amorphization of MA products. Due to their higher affinity for C and solubility in Fe, they markedly promote the dissolution of C in the Fe-rich phase under stronger interaction between atoms A and C, in contrast to the addition Ni with lower affinity for C. Also, such additions, Cr, Mo, and Mn, dissolved in the Fe phase together with C suppress the diffusion of C over large distance in MA products and retard recovery processes, like nucleation of competing more stable carbides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111394
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dwarfing effect associated with the threshability gene Q on wheat chromosome 5A (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 122 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A dwarfing effect of the 44.1 cM chromosomal region between the threshability gene Q and Xfba068 on the long arm of hexaploid wheat chromosome 5A has been reported. To clarify whether Q or its adjacent region is responsible for regulating culm elongation, two precise genetic stocks of near-isogenic lines (NIL), a single chromosome substitution line, ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS; ‘Cappelle-Desprez’ 5A) (NIL-Q) and a single chromosome recombinant substitution line (NIL-q) were used. The target segment of NIL-q included the q allele and QEet.ocs-5A.1, an earlinessper se gene, from spelt wheat in the CS genetic background. They were grown under 16-h day length with and/ or without vernalization treatment. Being independent of heading date, NIL-Q showed shorter elongation in lower internodes and decreased internode differentiation in comparison with NIL-q. The culm-length reduction associated with Q was confirmed in the recombinant F5 population derived from the cross between NIL-Q and NIL-q. Vernalization promotion had a tendency to reduce this dwarfing effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2003.00886.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of QEet.ocs-5A.1, a quantitative trait locus for ear emergence time on wheat chromosome 5AL (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 121 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: QEet.ocs-5A.1, a quantitative trait locus controlling ear emergence time, has been detected on wheat chromosome 5AL using single chromosome recombinant lines (SCRs) developed from a cross between ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) (‘Cappelle-Desprez’ 5A) and CS (Triticum spelta 5A). This locus has little influence on grain yield and its components, and thus has breeding potential for changing ear emergence time without yield reduction. To characterize the phenotypic expression of QEet.ocs.1 and to test its interaction with the Vrn-A1 gene for vernalization response, six near-isogenic SCRs differing for these two gene regions were grown together with the parental controls under different vernalization and photoperiod regimes. The T. spelta allele of QEet.ocs.1 accelerated heading time when vernalization and photoperiod were satisfied, demonstrating that the function of this QTL is earliness per se. There was no interaction between Vrn-A1 and QEet.ocs.1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2002.00674.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of chromosomes carrying genes for seed dormancy of wheat using the backcross reciprocal monosomic method (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 121 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Preharvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat represents a major constraint to the production of high-quality grain. Genetic variation for tolerance to PHS is associated with seed dormancy. The present study was initiated to detect homologous chromosome variation associated with seed dormancy genes in a PHS tolerant cultivar ‘Zenkojikomugi’ (Zen) and ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) using the backcross reciprocal monosomic method. The most striking effect on variation in seed dormancy was associated with chromosome 3A, and followed by group 4 chromosomes. These chromosomes of Zen increased dormancy compared with the respective CS homologues. Chromosomes 2D and 7D of Zen, and 6A of CS seemed to contribute smaller positive effects on dormancy. Chromosomes 2A of CS and Zen, as well as 3B, were equally effective in enhancing dormancy. The chromosome 3 A factors were independent of the grain-colour gene R-A1 because Zen was found to carry the white-grained R-A1a allele, which was identical to that of CS, and there was no difference in dormancy between the reciprocal F1 seeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2002.741382.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of an earliness per se quantitative trait locus in the proximal region of wheat chromosome 5AL (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 118 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A homoeologous quantitative trait locus to that of eps5L on barley chromosome 5H was identified in a syntenic region of wheat chromosome 5A. Wheat single chromosome recombinant lines (SCRs) were developed from a cross between ‘Chinese Spring’(‘Cappelle-Desprez’ 5A) and ‘Chinese Spring’(Triticum spelta 5A), these were grown together with the parental controls under different vernalization and photoperiod regimes. The variation for ear emergence time accelerated heading induced by the T. spelta segment indicated an effect associated with the Xcdo412-Xbcd9 interval. Since no differences between the SCRs and controls in responses to vernalization and photoperiod treatments were detected, this effect was identified as an earliness per se gene, Q Eetocs-5 A.2, which may be homoeologous to the eps5L quantitative trait locus of barley. Xbcd926 has been found to be closely linked to the rice flowering time quantitative trait loci, QHd9a or FLTQ2, on chromosome 9, suggesting possible relationships among the quantitative trait loci across wheat, barley and rice genomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.00395.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of ear emergence time by chromosome 3A of wheat (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 118 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Chromosome 3A of wheat is known to carry earliness per se genes. To determine the number of genes and their arm location, ear emergence time under a controlled environment was nvestigated using ditelosomic lines and homozygous recombinant substitution lines developed between chromosome 3A homologues from (Timstein) and (Chinese Spring) (CS) in a CS genetic background. Because the ear emergence distribution was discontinuous and two separate modes were produced, the 86 recombinant lines could be divided into 21 lines as the early ‘Timstein’3A type and 65 lines as the late CS type. This agrees with the 1:3 independent segregation of two genes both located on chromosome 3A. Therefore, two hypotheses can be proposed, either CS(‘Timstein’ 3A) carries two genes and both are necessary to give early ear emergence, or one gene for early ear emergence is present on (Timstein) 3A, but a suppressor is on CS 3A. The behaviour of ditelosomic 3AL and 3AS lines, with an ear emergence time identical to that of CS, suggested that one gene is located on the long arm and the other is on the short arm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.118001085.x
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