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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Keywords: Geophysics. ; Water. ; Hydrology. ; Geology. ; Natural disasters. ; Geophysics. ; Water. ; Geology. ; Natural Hazards.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Groundwater flow and transport -- Hydro-mechanical coupling -- Earthquakes influenced by water -- Response to tides, barometric pressure and seismic waves -- Groundwater Level -- Stream Flow -- Groundwater Temperature -- Groundwater and Stream Composition -- Geysers -- Liquefaction -- Mud Volcanoes -- Hydrologic precursors -- Epilogue.
    Abstract: This open access book explores the interactions between water and earthquakes, including recent concerns about induced seismicity. It further highlights that a better understanding of the response of the water system to disturbances such as earthquakes is needed to safeguard water resources, to shield underground waste repositories, and to mitigate groundwater contamination. Although the effects of earthquakes on streams and groundwater have been reported for thousands of years, this field has only blossomed into an active area of research in the last twenty years after quantitative and continuous documentation of field data became available. This volume gathers the important advances that have been made in the field over the past decade, which to date have been scattered in the form of research articles in various scientific journals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XVI, 387 p. 191 illus., 135 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2021.
    ISBN: 9783030643089
    Series Statement: Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences,
    DDC: 550
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin [u.a.] : Springer
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 4/M 10.0210
    In: Lecture notes in earth sciences
    Description / Table of Contents: The broad spectrum of hydrologic responses to earthquakes offers a better understanding of the earth's hydrologic system at a scale which is otherwise unachievable; it has also allowed field testing of several long-standing hypotheses which may impact on our understanding of some earthquake-induced hazards. The book is based on a graduate course on Earthquake Hydrology at Berkeley jointly offered by the authors in the past few years. It begins with an introduction of the basic materials to form a basis for understanding the chapters which follow. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the field to interested readers and beginning researchers, and a convenient reference to numerous publications currently scattered in various journals.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: X, 225 S. , 100 schw.-w. Ill. , 235 mm x 155 mm
    ISBN: 9783642008092
    Series Statement: Lecture notes in earth sciences 114
    Classification:
    Seismology
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 3
    Call number: 9783030643089 (e-book)
    In: Lecture notes in earth system sciences
    Description / Table of Contents: This open access book explores the interactions between water and earthquakes, including recent concerns about induced seismicity. It further highlights that a better understanding of the response of the water system to disturbances such as earthquakes is needed to safeguard water resources, to shield underground waste repositories, and to mitigate groundwater contamination. Although the effects of earthquakes on streams and groundwater have been reported for thousands of years, this field has only blossomed into an active area of research in the last twenty years after quantitative and continuous documentation of field data became available. This volume gathers the important advances that have been made in the field over the past decade, which to date have been scattered in the form of research articles in various scientific journals.
    Type of Medium: 12
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xvi, 387 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 9783030643089 , 978-3-030-64308-9
    ISSN: 2193-8571 , 2193-858X
    Series Statement: Lecture notes in earth system sciences
    Language: English
    Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Groundwater Flow and Transport 3 Hydro-Mechanical Coupling 4 Earthquakes Influenced by Water 5 Response to Tides, Barometric Pressure and Seismic Waves 6 Groundwater Level 7 Stream Flow 8 Groundwater Temperature 9 Groundwater and Stream Composition 10 Geysers 11 Liquefaction 12 Mud Volcanoes 13 Hydrologic Precursors 14 Epilogue
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: Mafic volcanic activity is dominated by effusive to mildly explosive eruptions. Plinian and ignimbrite-forming mafic eruptions, while rare, are also possible; however, the conditions that promote such explosivity are still being explored. Eruption style is determined by the ability of gas to escape as magma ascends, which tends to be easier in low-viscosity, mafic magmas. If magma permeability is sufficiently high to reduce bubble overpressure during ascent, volatiles may escape from the magma, inhibiting violent explosive activity. In contrast, if the permeability is sufficiently low to retain the gas phase within the magma during ascent, bubble overpressure may drive magma fragmentation. Rapid ascent may induce disequilibrium crystallization, increasing viscosity and affecting the bubble network with consequences for permeability, and hence, explosivity. To explore the conditions that promote strongly explosive mafic volcanism, we combine microlite textural analyses with synchrotron x-ray computed microtomography of 10 pyroclasts from the 12.6 ka mafic Curacautín Ignimbrite (Llaima Volcano, Chile). We quantify microlite crystal size distributions (CSD), microlite number densities, porosity, bubble interconnectivity, bubble number density, and geometrical properties of the porous media to investigate the role of magma degassing processes at mafic explosive eruptions. We use an analytical technique to estimate permeability and tortuosity by combing the Kozeny-Carman relationship, tortuosity factor, and pyroclast vesicle textures. The groundmass of our samples is composed of up to 44% plagioclase microlites, 〉 85% of which are 〈 10 µm in length. In addition, we identify two populations of vesicles in our samples: (1) a convoluted interconnected vesicle network produced by extensive coalescence of smaller vesicles (〉 99% of pore volume), and (2) a population of very small and completely isolated vesicles (〈 1% of porosity). Computed permeability ranges from 3.0 × 10−13 to 6.3 × 10−12 m2, which are lower than the similarly explosive mafic eruptions of Tarawera (1886; New Zealand) and Etna (112 BC; Italy). The combination of our CSDs, microlite number densities, and 3D vesicle textures evidence rapid ascent that induced high disequilibrium conditions, promoting rapid syn-eruptive crystallization of microlites within the shallow conduit. We interpret that microlite crystallization increased viscosity while simultaneously forcing bubbles to deform as they grew together, resulting in the permeable by highly tortuous network of vesicles. Using the bubble number densities for the isolated vesicles (0.1-3−3 × 104 bubbles per mm3), we obtain a minimum average decompression rate of 1.4 MPa/s. Despite the textural evidence that the Curacautín magma reached the percolation threshold, we propose that rapid ascent suppressed outgassing and increased bubble overpressures, leading to explosive fragmentation. Further, using the porosity and permeability of our samples, we estimated that a bubble overpressure 〉 5 MPa could have been sufficient to fragment the Curacautín magma. Other mafic explosive eruptions report similar disequilibrium conditions induced by rapid ascent rate, implying that syn-eruptive disequilibrium conditions may control the explosivity of mafic eruptions more generally.
    Description: national science foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Description: lawrence berkeley national laboratory http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006235
    Description: Universität Bayreuth (3145)
    Keywords: ddc:552.2 ; Permeability ; Microtomography ; Explosive volcanism ; Mafic eruptions
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 11 (1999), S. 2969-2976 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A set of experiments is performed, in which a layer of fluid is heated from below and cooled from above, in order to study convection at high Rayleigh numbers (Ra) and Prandtl numbers (Pr). The working fluid, corn syrup, has a viscosity that depends strongly on temperature. Viscosity within the fluid layer varies by a factor of 6 to 1.8×103 in the various experiments. A total of 28 experiments are performed for 104〈Ra〈108 and Pr sufficiently large, 103〈Pr〈106, that the Reynolds number (Re) is less than 1; here, values of Ra and Pr are based on material properties at the average of the temperatures at the top and bottom of the fluid layer. As Ra increases above O(105), flow changes from steady to time-dependent. As Ra increases further, large scale flow is gradually replaced by isolated rising and sinking plumes. At Ra〉O(107), there is no evidence for any large scale circulation, and flow consists only of plumes. Plumes have mushroom-shaped "heads" and continuous "tails" attached to their respective thermal boundary layers. The characteristic frequency for the formation of these plumes is consistent with a Ra2/3 scaling. In the experiments at the largest Ra, the Nusselt number (Nu) is lower than expected, based on an extrapolation of the Nu–Ra relationship determined at lower Ra; at the highest Ra, Re→1, and the lower-than-expected Nu is attributed to inertial effects that reduce plume head speeds. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The value of using climate indices such as ENSO or PDO in water resources predictions is dependent on understanding the local relationship between these indices and streamflow over time. This study identifies long term seasonal and spatial variations in the strength of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) correlations with timing and magnitude of discharge in snowmelt streams in Oregon. ENSO is best correlated with variability in annual discharge, and PDO is best correlated with spring snowmelt timing and magnitude and timing of annual floods. Streams in the Cascades and Wallowa mountains show the strongest correlations, while the southernmost stream is not correlated with ENSO or PDO. ENSO correlations are weaker from 1920 to 1950 and vary significantly depending on whether Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) or Niño 3.4 is used. PDO correlations are strong from 1920 to 1950 and weak or insignificant other years. Although there are not consistent increasing or decreasing trends in annual discharge or spring snowmelt timing, there are significant increases in fractional winter runoff that are independent of precipitation, PDO, or ENSO and may indicate monotonic winter warming.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 8 (1996), S. 1732-1737 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The interactions of deformable drops in cavity flows is studied numerically in the limit of low Reynolds numbers for a two-dimensional model. Flow in a square cavity is driven by the steady motion of one of the walls. Deformable drops will migrate across streamlines until they reach an equilibrium trajectory or equilibrium position; the rate and direction of migration depend on both the viscosity ratio and capillary number. High viscosity ratio deformable drops have a tendency to aggregate and form clusters. The presence of a deformable dispersed phase results in an elastic behavior of the suspension. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 29 (2001), S. 201-228 
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spring water provides a unique opportunity to study a range of subsurface processes in regions with few boreholes or wells. However, because springs integrate the signal of geological and hydrological processes over large spatial areas and long periods of time, they are an indirect source of information. This review illustrates a variety of techniques and approaches that are used to interpret measurements of isotopic tracers, water chemistry, discharge, and temperature. As an example, a set of springs in the Oregon Cascades is considered. By using tracers, temperature, and discharge measurements, it is possible to determine the mean-residence time of water, infer the spatial pattern and extent of groundwater flow, estimate basin-scale hydraulic properties, calculate the regional heat flow, and quantify the rate of magmatic intrusion beneath the volcanic arc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 13 (2001), S. 802-805 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: New and published experimental measurements of spatial and temporal aspects of variable-viscosity convection are compared with boundary layer models. Viscosity μ is assumed to decrease with increasing temperature T so that convection occurs beneath a relatively stagnant layer. Of particular interest to applications involving asymptotically large viscosity variations, is the result that both the temperature difference across the hot thermal boundary layer and the frequency of thermal formation scale with the rheological temperature scale −(d log μ/dT)−1. Measurements indicate that for large Rayleigh numbers, viscosity varies by less than a factor of (approximate)37 across the actively convecting region. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A suite of observations suggests that the northern plains of Mars, which cover nearly one third of the planet's surface, may once have contained an ocean. Perhaps the most provocative evidence for an ancient ocean is a set of surface features that ring the plains for thousands of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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