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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF LOCAL GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN PLANTS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 27 (1996), S. 237-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of natural plant populations has provided some of the strongest and most convincing cases of the operation of natural selection currently known, partly because of amenability to reciprocal transplant experiments, common garden work, and long-term in situ manipulation. Genetic differentiation among plant populations over small scales (a few cm to a few hundred cm) has been documented and is reviewed here, in herbaceous annuals and perennials, woody perennials, aquatics, terrestrials, narrow endemics, and widely distributed species. Character differentiation has been documented for most important features of plant structure and function. Examples are known for seed characters, leaf traits, phenology, physiological and biochemical activities, heavy metal tolerance, herbicide resistance, parasite resistance, competitive ability, organellar characters, breeding systems, and life history. Among the forces that have shaped these patterns of differentiation are toxic soils, fertilizers, mowing and grazing, soil moisture, temperature, light intensity, pollinating vectors, parasitism, gene flow, and natural dynamics. The breadth and depth of the evidence reviewed here strongly support the idea that natural selection is the principal force shaping genetic architecture in natural plant populations; that view needs to be more widely appreciated than it is at present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.237
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yucca sex (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 370 (1994), S. 604-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - As Peter Moore reported in News and Views1, there is indeed a "fly in the ointment" of the relationship between Yucca and its pollinator, and it is definite-ly a Dipteran. The close interdependence between the Yucca and its moth may involve a "balance of self-interests" as Moore notes, but ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/370604a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Even larger organisms (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 360 (1992), S. 216-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Extremism, in the pursuit of science, is apparently no vice. We wish to contribute to the discussions about the largest living organisms1 which were stimulated by the nomination2 of Armil-laria bulbosa as among the largest of living organisms. Two measures of size were reported: mass at ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360216a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra-population Differentiation of Physiological Response to Flooding in a Population of Veronica peregrina L. (1973)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 242 (1973), S. 275-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] V. peregrina is apparently a native of the Western Hemi-sphere, including California, and grows in moist to wet habitats3'4. The population studied grows within and around the periphery of a temporary pool in Solano County, Cali-fornia. The pool is about 35 cm deep at its deepest spot and measures ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/242275a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra-specific variation in the inhibitory effects of Thymus vulgaris (Labiatae) monoterpenes on seed germination (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 101 (1995), S. 110-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; Brachypodium phoenicoides ; Germination inhibition ; Monoterpenes ; Thymus vulgaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ecological role of plant secondary compounds has received a great deal of attention yet little is known regarding variation in the ecological significance of different compounds produced by a single species. This is particularly pertinent to species where variation in compound presence is under genetic control. In this study we have quantified variation in the inhibitory effects of the six dominant monoterpene oils produced by different genotypes (or chemotypes) of Thymus vulgaris on achene germination of an associated species (Brachypodium phoenicoides), and seeds of T. vulgaris itself, in controlled experimental conditions. The experiments involved the germination of seeds of the two species with crushed leaves or pure essences of the six chemotypes, i.e. four experimental trials. A significant inhibitory effect against B. phoenicoides was found for both crushed leaves and the range of concentrations of pure oils used in the trial. The two phenolic compounds had a greater effect than the non-phenolic leaves and pure oils. The significant differences between non-phenols and the controls declined faster over time for crushed leaves and low concentrations of the pure essences than did that between the phenolics and the controls. There was a significant inhibitory effect against the germination of T. vulgaris seeds for the crushed leaves and the pure oils, although the contrast between the non-phenols and the phenols was not significant. The effect of the different oils varied depending on the seed source of the thyme seeds used in the trial. This is suggested to be due to differences in the rates of outcrossing among the sampled populations. The effects of the oils on the associated species, B. phoenicoides, were not found to be greater than their effects on the germination of thyme seeds. The results are discussed in the context of a potential role for such inhibitory effects in relation to the onset of rainfall and suitable germination conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328907
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terpene-based selective herbivory by Helix aspersa (Mollusca) on Thymus vulgaris (Labiatae) (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 102 (1995), S. 126-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Monoterpenes ; Thymus vulgaris ; Genetic polymorphism ; Helix aspersa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In natural populations of Thymus vulgaris in the south of France, six genetically different chemical “chemotypes” occur, each differentiated by a single dominant monoterpene that gives individual plants a characteristic smell and taste. Individual populations may contain all six chemotypes, but are often dominated by one to three chemotypes. We tested the hypothesis that this chemical polymorphism was associated with selective herbivory by the snail Helix aspersa, which feeds upon T. vulgaris in nature. The relative preference of juvenile and adult molluscs was investigated by presenting individual animals with a choice of six chemotypes in three experimental trials: (1) whole plants, (2) nutritive gels containing crushed thyme leaves, and (3) nutritive gels containing a distilled monoterpene as an additive. We found significant and consistent patterns of preference. Adult and immature molluscs preferred the linalol chemotype, and ate carvacrol and thymol-containing foods the least. This preference was more marked when using the gels than the real plants, particularly the monoterpene-based gels, demonstrating the importance of the monoterpene for the choice. Furthermore, molluscs fed exclusively on linalol-containing food gained weight whereas those fed on carvacrol-containing food lost weight. After being fed these exclusive diets both groups showed a significant preference for linalol. These results (1) demonstrate that food choice is based upon the presence of specific monoterpenes and is not learned, (2) suggest that phenolic monoterpenes such as carvacrol are repellent to the animals, and (3) indicate that selective herbivory may play a significant role in the maintenance of the chemical polymorphism of T. vulgaris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333320
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Path analysis of natural selection on plant chemistry: the xylem resin of ponderosa pine (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 109 (1997), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Herbivory ; Natural selection ; Monoterpenes ; Pinus ponderosa ; Plant defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the pattern of correlations among fitness components, herbivory, and resin characteristics in a natural all-aged stand of ponderosa pine, to infer the strength and mechanism of natural selection on plant chemistry. Male and female cone production were monitored yearly for 15 years, and levels of herbivory for 9 years in 165 trees. Resin flow rate and monoterpene composition were determined for these same trees. Multiple regression of fitness components on resin characteristics showed significant associations consistent with directional selection for increased resin flow rates and increased proportions of α- and β-pinene, myrcene and terpinolene. However, negative correlations among monoterpene fractions of the resin constrained the overall selection. Selective herbivory by aphids approached statistical significance and monoterpenes showed some (non-significant) effect as deterrents against deer browse. Resin characteristics were not correlated with attack by cone insects or porcupines. However, the association between resin characteristics and fitness is significantly different from that predicted by the path coefficients involving herbivores. Therefore the hypothesis that these herbivores mediate selection on the resin is not supported by the observed pattern of correlations among resin characteristics, herbivory, growth and fecundity. In this population, most of the association between resin characteristics and fitness appears to be mediated by some other factor independent of attack by herbivore species present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050080
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed dispersal by nutcrackers causes multi-trunk growth form in pines (1985)
    Springer
    Oecologia 67 (1985), S. 107-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We present a unique example of a seed disperser determining the basic growth architecture of two species of plants. Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) is the primary disperser for Pinus flexilis and P. albicaulis, caching clusters of seeds in the process. Both pine species often occur in a multi-trunk growth form at maturity. Electrophoretic analysis based on 2 to 4 gene loci revealed that two or more trunks were genetically distinct individuals in twenty of the twenty-five multi-trunk trees sampled. This supports the hypothesis that several mature individuals can arise from single caches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378458
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential host utilization by two parasites in a population of ponderosa pine (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 98 (1994), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Pinus ponderosa ; Arceuthobium vaginatum Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Host selection ; Differential selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compared phloem characteristics of individual Pinus ponderosa attacked by the dwarf-mistletoe Arceuthobium vaginatum (Viscaceae) or by the beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae (Scolytidae) or by neither species. We quantified total nonstructural carbohydrates and a broad range of chemical elements for these three categories of trees. There were significant differences between trees parasitized by Arceuthobium, trees parasitized by Dendroctonus, and non-infected trees. Discriminant function analysis of trees attacked by either Arceuthobium or Dendroctonus correctly predicted group membership for 59 of 60 trees tested. Some of the differences detected may be induced, but many probably are not. Given that the accumulation of certain elements and compounds is under genetic control, and that both parasites often cause severe reductions in fitness, including death of their host, our results suggest that the two parasites may generate diversifying selection in ponderosa pine populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326097
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of Monoterpene Variation within Individual Trees in Ponderosa Pine (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1341-1357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oleoresin ; secondary compounds ; pinene ; carene ; intraindividual variation ; plant defenses ; Pinus ponderosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We surveyed variation in both the concentration and composition of monoterpenes in six tissues within individuals of ponderosa pine to determine (1) whether variation exists between different tissues; (2) whether variation occurs between samples from the north and south sides of the tree within a tissue, and (3) whether composition of one tissue is correlated with that of others. Wood, roots, and resin exuded from the trunk have similar monoterpene compositions within trees. Phloem and cones contain a higher proportion of α-pinene with less carene than resin, while needles are distinguished by high proportions of β-pinene. Samples of the same tissue taken from the north and south sides of the tree differed little and were strongly correlated. Correlations were moderate across tissues within the groups sharing similar monoterpene compositions (e.g., phloem vs. cones), but correlations between tissues in different groups were weak (e.g., phloem vs. needles).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005471322069
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