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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 403 (2000), S. 649-652 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sequence comparisons suggest that all living green plants belong to one of two major phyla: Streptophyta (land plants and their closest green algal relatives, the charophytes); and Chlorophyta (the rest of green algae). Because no green algae are known that pre-date the ...
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Currently, the inferred set of 'proto-mitochondrial genes' comprises 44 protein-coding genes that specify 23 components of complexes I-V of the electron transport chain, 18 mitoribosomal proteins, and 3 proteins involved in cytochrome c\ biogenesis (Table 1). In addition, mtDNA encodes up to 3 ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas eugametos ; Chlamydomonas moewusii ; Hybrid backcrosses ; Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism ; Chloroplast genetic markers ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Southern blot analysis of AvaI-digested total cellular DNA from the interfertile species Chlamydomonas eugametos and Chlamydomonas moewusii with a coxI mitochondrial gene probe from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed single hybridizing fragments of 5.0 and 3.5 kb, respectively. The transmission of these mitochondrial DNA physical markers along with that of chloroplast genetic markers for resistance to streptomycin and resistance to erythromycin was studied in the fourth backcrosses of F1 hybrids to one or the other parent. Viability in these backcrosses is high in contrast to the cross C. eugametos x C. moewusii and its reciprocal which are associated with considerable meiotic product lethality. The resulting zygospores were found to transmit the mitochondrial and chloroplast genome markers uniparentally or preferentially from the mating-type-plus parent. Thus the species pair C. eugametos and C. moewusii differs from the pair Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlamydomonas smithii in which mitochondrial genome markers are transmitted uniparentally by the mating-type minus parent, while the chloroplast genome markers are transmitted uniparentally by the opposite parental mating-type (Boynton et al. 1987).
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Secondary structure model ; ‘530 loop’ ; Streptomycin resistance mutation ; Chlamydomonas evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report the presence of a 402 by group I intron in the chloroplast small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Chlamydomonas moewusii. The intron is inserted within the highly conserved ‘530 loop’, at a site corresponding to positions 531–532 of the E. coli 16rRNA. Residues surrounding the insertion site almost certainly play an important role in ribosomal proofreading function as they proved to be protected by tRNAs in E. coli 16S rRNA (Moazed and Noller 1986; Stern et al. 1986). The C. moewusii intron revealed a secondary structure model which differs substantially from those of the typical subgroup IA and IB introns. This model, however, shows striking similarities with the structures of the C. reinhardtii chloroplast 23S rRNA gene intron (Rochaix et al. 1985), the S. cerevisiae mitochondrial COB3 intron (Holl et al. 1985) and the three introns of phage T4 in the nrdB, td and sunY genes (Shub et al. 1988). The SSU rRNA gene intron is absent from C. eugametos, an alga that is interfertile with C. moewusii. The presence/absence of the intron account for a 390 by restriction fragment length polymorphism between the two algal SSU rRNA genes, a polymorphic locus that is strictly co-inherited with a tightly linked streptomycin resistance mutation (sr-2) in interspecific hybrids between the two algae.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; Chloroplast ; DNA ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The density, molecular weight, and cellular repetition of DNA molecules associated with the β-DNA satellite of the interfertile algae Chlamydomonas eugametos and C. moewusii are reported. The similarities between these values and those for the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in the related alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii indicate that these satellites represent cpDNA. The buoyant densities of C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNAs are indistinguishable from one another, as are those of their respective nuclear DNAs. These densities differ slightly from the densities of the homologous components of C. reinhardtii whole cell DNA. All three species differ with respect to additional minor satellite DNAs and low molecular weight DNAs of unknown cellular location. Differences in the Aval and Smal restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNAs were employed to study the inheritance of cpDNA in an F1 hybrid which had inherited a non-Mendelian streptomycin resistance marker (sr-2) from the C. eugametos mating-type plus (mt +) parent and in two homoplasmic mitotic segregants from a B 1 hybrid (F1 × C. moewusii) which had been initially heteroplasmic for the resistance marker. Although the cpDNA patterns in the F1 hybrid were similar to those of the C. eugametos ml 1 parent, important differences were noted which suggest that recombination between C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNA had occurred. Homoplasmic streptomycin resistant and sensitive mitotic segregants recovered from the B1 hybrid product reveal Aval restriction patterns similar to those of the respective resistant and sensitive parents. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the sr-2 marker is located in cpDNA and that C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNA sequences can coexist in the same chloroplast and, at least sometimes, segregate without extensive recombination. The transmission of low molecular weight DNAs characteristic of C. moewusii but of unknown cellular origin shows no direct correlation with the transmission of the sr-2 marker.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; chloroplast DNA ; cell-cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of chloroplast and nuclear DNAs during the 12 h light and 12 h dark synchronized vegetative cell-cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was monitored by the direct optical quantification of these DNAs in the analytical ultracentrifuge. Net synthesis of nuclear DNA was sharply discontinuous and this synthesis occurred during the first 6 h of the dark period. In contrast, the net synthesis of chloroplast DNA appeared continuous throughout the cell-cycle. The rate of this accumulation, however, was greatest in the dark period.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Heterologous fragment hybridizations ; Alignment of physical maps ; Chloroplast genes ; Chloroplast genome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have compared the overall sequence organization of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from the unicellular green algaeChlamydomonas eugametos andChlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cloned restriction fragments whose locations are known on the chloroplast genome of one or the other alga were hybridized to Southern blots of cpDNA digests from both algae and the positions of hybridization signals were used to align the two algal cpDNA restriction maps. In agreement with the important biological differences reported betweenC. eugametos andC. reinhardtii, we found extensive sequence rearrangements and low overall sequence homology between the two cpDNAs. To explain the striking contrast between our results and the remarkable conservation reported for the sequence and the organization of angiosperm cpDNAs containing inverted repeats, we suggest that the divergence between theC. eugametos andC. reinhardtii chloroplast genomes simply reflects a longer time of separate evolution relative to the angiosperm lineages. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the algal cpDNAs rearranged faster than angiosperm cpDNAs.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Comparative restriction site mapping ; Gene mapping ; Deletions and additions ; Chloroplast genome ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chloroplast genomes from the interfertile green algae Chlamydomonas eugametos and C. moewusii have been compared in their overall sequence organization. Physical mapping of Aval, BstEII and EcoRI restriction sites on the C. moewusii chloroplast genome revealed that this 292 kilobase-pair (kbp) genome is 49 kbp larger than the C. eugametos genome. Heterologous fragment hybridizations indicated the same order of common sequence elements on the two algal genomes. Almost all of the 49 kbp size difference is accounted for by the presence of two large extra sequences in C. moewusii: a 21 kbp sequence in the inverted repeat and a 5.8 kbp sequence in the single copy-region bordering the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. In addition to these two major deletion/addition differences, 42 restriction site and fragment length differences (ranging from 100 to 500 base pairs) were mapped on the two algal genomes. Surprisingly, the greatest density of these differences was found to be confined within the inverted repeat, one of the most conserved regions of land plant chloroplast genomes.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Evolution ; Sequence comparison ; RUBISCO ; Transit peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated and characterized a full-length cDNA clone encoding the precursor of the small subunit (pSU) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO) from the green alga, Chlamydomonas moewusii. Comparison with the C. reinhardtii rbcS1 gene sequence reveals that both small subunit (SS) coding regions are 75% homologous and that their predicted mature polypeptide chains are each composed of 140 amino acids. In contrast, their transit peptides appear to be divergent. We also show that transcription of the C. moewusii rbcS gene(s) which generates a 1,230 and a 930 base mRNA species are light-stimulated/or accumulated during the light period of the cell cycle. Finally, the SS polypeptide sequences of fifteen different photosynthetic organisms are compared; this analysis reveals at least five well-conserved polypeptide domains.
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