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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dehydration Sequence of Gibbsite by Electron-Beam Irradiation in a TEM (1999)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To understand the dehydration mechanisms of aluminum hydrates, the dehydration sequence of gibbsite (γ-Al(OH)3) by electron-beam irradiation has been investigated using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The electron diffraction pattern indicates the formation of chi-alumina in the initial dehydration stage. The intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern of chi-alumina is explained by the random close-packed structure of oxygen/hydroxyl containing gibbsite layer structure. Further irradiation transforms χ-alumina to η- or γ-alumina and to a phase having a more ordered structure. The dehydrated product at this stage consists of crystallites and voids several nanometers in diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01822.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atomic-Scale {101¯0} Interfacial Structure in Hydroxyapatite Determined by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (2002)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 85 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The atomic structure of {101¯0} interfaces in sintered hydroxyapatite (HAp) was characterized using high-resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM). When subjected to electron beam radiation parallel to the [0001] zone axis, a characteristic damage of HAp occurred. The damage was identified by hexagonally shaped regions surrounded with {101¯0} planes, in which the crystalline phase was thinned and amorphized. HRTEM study at the crystalline-amorphous interfaces revealed that the HAp crystal structure was terminated by a plane crossing the hydroxyl columns on which Ca (Ca2 site) and PO4 tetrahedra were placed. The grain boundaries parallel to the {101¯0} planes were also examined and the structure was identical to that observed in the crystalline-amorphous interface. The interface structure observed in the crystalline-amorphous interfaces and grain boundaries is probably a stable atomic arrangement of HAp {101¯0} surfaces with a low surface energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00578.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of TiO2(B) Nanocrystallites in Sol-Gel-Derived SiO2-TiO2 Film (1999)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: TiO2(B), one of the polymorphs of TiO2, has been formed by annealing a sol-gel-derived SiO2-TiO2 amorphous film on a silicon wafer at 900°C in air. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that nanocrystallites with a size of 5-10 nm were dispersed in the amorphous SiO2 matrix in the film. The X-ray diffraction pattern and lattice fringe spacing in high-resolution TEM images corresponded to those of TiO2(B). These TiO2(B) nanocrystallites are probably stable with the presence of surrounding SiO2 in the film at 900°C, because previous works reported that this phase should be converted to anatase at temperatures higher than 550-700°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb02233.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transparent Anatase Nanocomposite Films by the Sol–Gel Process at Low Temperatures (2000)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have successfully prepared transparent anatase nanocomposite films on various types of substrates, including organic polymers, using the sol–gel method at temperatures 〈100°C under ambient pressure. This novel process is based on the findings that (i) anatase nanocrystals are uniquely formed in sol–gel-derived SiO2–TiO2 films that have been subjected to a hot-water treatment, and (ii) the addition of an organic polymer such as poly(ethylene glycol) in the films accelerates the formation of anatase nanocrystals. The film coating on the substrates is a promising candidate for use as a photocatalyst to decompose environmental pollutants and harmful microorganisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01178.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lowering of Preparation Temperatures of Anatase Nanocrystals-Dispersed Coatings via Sol–Gel Process with Hot Water Treatment (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 88 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A longer period of time was necessary to form anatase nanocrystals on silica–titania gel coatings at lower hot water treatment temperature, whereas considerable amounts of anatase nanocrystals were observed even at 38°C after a treatment of 65 h. The coatings pre-heated at 60°C for 1 h and treated with hot water at 55°C for 15 h showed higher photocatalytic activity for methylene blue bleaching than the coatings prepared under the conditions with higher processing temperature close to 100°C. Such a high photocatalytic activity of the coatings obtained through low processing temperatures can be ascribed to a large specific surface area of the coatings and a smaller crystal size of the precipitated anatase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00313.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periodic intensity distribution (PID) of mica polytypes: symbolism, structural model orientation and axial settings (1999)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 55 (1999), S. 659-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Following a preliminary revisitation of the nomenclatures in use for mica polytypes, the properties of the periodic intensity distribution (PID) function, which represents the Fourier transform of the stacking sequence, are analysed. On the basis of the relative rotations of neighbouring layers, mica polytypes are classified into three types; for each type, the PID exists in different subspaces of the reciprocal space. A revised procedure to compute the PID, in which further restrictions on the structural model orientation are introduced, is presented. A unifying terminology based upon the most common symbols used to describe mica polytypes (RTW, Z and TS) is derived; these symbols represent the geometrical basis for the computation of the PID. Results are presented for up to four layer polytypes and are compared with the reflection conditions derived by means of Zvyagin's functions. Both the PID values and the reflection conditions are expressed in suitable axial settings and compared with previous partial reports, revealing some errors in previous analyses. A computer program to compute PID from the stacking symbols is available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767398017735
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A TEM study of long-period mica polytypes: determination of the stacking sequence of oxybiotite by means of atomic resolution images and Periodic Intensity Distribution (PID) (1999)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 55 (1999), S. 507-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In this study it is shown that the stacking sequences in long-period mica polytypes (including a rare example of a mixed-rotation polytype, with a 36-layer long periodicity) can be unambiguously determined using atomic resolution images recorded down two zone axes separated by 30° (e.g. [100] and [31¯0]) at the same area. Uniformity of these stacking sequences in a large area is further confirmed by the correspondence between computed and observed Periodic Intensity Distributions (PIDs) in electron diffraction patterns. The appearance of long-period polytypes containing layers with different orientation parity may be explained by the coalescence of two small crystals during crystal growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108768199003845
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-resolved DXAFS study on the reduction processes of Cu cations in ZSM-5 (2000)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 68 (2000), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: time-resolved XAFS ; energy-dispersive XAFS ; Cu-ZSM-5 ; structure change ; reduction process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The time-resolved reduction process of copper cations in/on ZSM-5 during temperature-programmed reduction (300–700 K) was studied by energy-dispersive X-ray absorption fine structure (DXAFS) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two Cu-ZSM-5 samples with different Cu loadings were prepared by an ion-exchange method. The Cu K-edge DXAFS spectra for isolated Cu2+ species in the channels of ZSM-5 and CuO particles on the outer surfaces of ZSM-5 were recorded at an interval of 1 s during the reduction. The curve fitting analysis of the EXAFS data and the XANES analysis revealed that the isolated Cu2+ species in the channels were reduced stepwise. They were reduced to isolated Cu+ species at 400–450 K and the Cu+ species to Cu0 metallic clusters at 550–650 K. Small clusters like Cu4 were initially formed, followed by particle growth. A small part of them went out to the outer surfaces of ZSM-5 during the reduction. In contrast, CuO particles on the outer surfaces were reduced directly to Cu0 metallic particles around 450 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019020528353
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atomic Scale Interfacial Structure of Hydroxyapatite Observed with High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (2000)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 192-195 (Sept. 2000), p. 283-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/45/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.192-195.283.pdf
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of Anatase Nanocrystals in Sol-Gel Derived TiO2-SiO2 Thin Films with Hot Water Treatment (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 19 (2000), S. 585-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: anatase ; nanocrystals ; hot water treatment ; poly(ethylene glycol) ; TiO2-SiO2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have successfully prepared transparent and porous anatase nanocrystals-dispersed films by treating the sol-gel derived TiO2-SiO2 films containing poly(ethylene glycol), PEG, with hot water. This process was done at temperatures lower than 100°C under atmospheric pressure, and thus anatase nanocrystals-dispersed films can be formed on various kinds of substrates including organic polymers with poor heat resistance. The changes in structure and composition of the TiO2-SiO2 gel films with hot water treatment were related to the formation process of anatase nanocrystals in the TiO2-SiO2 gel films with hot water treatment. The formation of anatase nanocrystals was found to proceed to hydrolysis of Si–O–Ti bonds and dissolution of SiO2 component. In addition, porous film structure formed by leaching of PEG with hot water treatment led to homogenous dispersion of anatase nonocrystals in the films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008709210723
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