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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 4 (1959), S. 139-160 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 165 (1950), S. 1024-1025 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Like Heinze2 and Broadbent3, we have failed to find any evidence, in a variety of field and laboratory observations, that aphids are attracted to their hosts in this way. In 1947, autumn migrants of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicce (Sulzer), were caught alighting quite indiscriminately on ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 277 (1979), S. 418-418 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IT is rare to find a major gap in the present plethora of scientific books but a treatise on insect behaviour has been badly needed for years. There is surely more published work on this subject than on the behaviour of any other animal group. A great part is descriptive and no small part anecdotal ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 168 (1951), S. 890-894 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] VIRUS workers were recommended by Pirie1 not to try to maintain a precarious position on either of two stools?the chemical, treating viruses as molecules, or the biological, treating them as organisms? but rather to "settle comfortably on the floor", that is, adopt a biochemical approach. The ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 168 (1951), S. 825-826 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The yellow-red pocket galls formed by Cryptomyzus ribis on red currant leaves were tried first because the galled parts remain soft enough for the pockets to be pushed inside out, thus turning what were the best sheltered into the most exposed parts of the leaf surface. The aphids, which before ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 198 (1963), S. 1317-1318 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The development of radioactive methylcholanthrene has allowed the investigation of its metabolism in rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. Six rats were used. These were females of the Sprague-Dawley strain of Dr. Huggins or of a Sprague-Dawley strain established in Britain at the A.S.L. Farms, Ltd., ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 175 (1955), S. 435-436 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Silicotic foci of 51 days duration in the omental tissues. The largest on the right consists mostly of dense collagen with flbroblasts at the periphery. The other two are still largely flbro-blastic with only early formation of collagen fibres. Iron luematoxylin and Van Giesen. x 80 Fig. ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 12 (1969), S. 487-503 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A jeun les larves du criquet pélerin réagissent à l'odeur d'herbe apportée par le vent en se tournant et en se déplaçant face au vent vers le lieu d'où vient l'odeur. Cette orientation avait été attributée, à la suite de travaux antérieurs, à la stimulation olfactive inégale des deux antennes (osmotropotaxie). Ce phénomène a été réexaminé. L'agitation des larves, soit par maniement individuel, soit par secouage en masse, juste avant de les lâcher dans un tunnel aerodynamique, a eu pour effet sur les larves, qu'elles fussent à jeun ou rassasiées, de les faire se diriger face au vent même en l'absence d'odeur d'herbe. La répétition de ce traitement a accru l'excitabilité locomotrice et également la tendance à aller contre le vent. L'antennectomie bilatérale a réduit l'activité locomotrice mais ces larves sans antennes, préalablement “agitées”, se sont aussi dirigées contre le vent avec ou sans odeur d'herbe, à condition qu'elles aient été longtemps à jeun. En vaselinant une antenne, ou en faisant l'ablation unilatérale, ou encore en entrecroisant les deux antennes, on a atténué mais non pas supprimé le processus d'orientation face au vent en présence de l'odeur d'herbe. Il en a été conclu que le déplacement normal contre le vent en présence de l'odeur d'herbe n'est pas une osmotropotaxie mais une anémotaxie positive; en faite, l'odeur active bien les criquets et en même temps déclenche une réaction d'orientation au vent. Une odeur “repoussante” active aussi les criquets et déclenche l'anémotaxie, cette fois négative. Donc differents stimuli qui excitent l'activité locomotrice déclenchent en même temps une anémo taxie positive ou négative.
    Notes: Abstract Starved desert locust ‘hoppers’ respond to wind-borne grass odour by turning and moving upwind toward the odour source. The conclusion from previous work, that this orientation reaction depends on unequal olfactory stimulation of the two antennae (osmotropotaxis), has been re-examined in further experiments. “Agitating” hoppers, by handling them singly or by tumbling a crowd of them together just before releasing them in a wind tunnel, induced rapid upwind movement by both starved and fed hoppers even in the absence of grass odour. Repeated agitation led to increasing locomotor excitability accompanied by increasing upwind bias. Bilateral antennectomy depressed activity, but agitated antennaless hoppers also moved upwind with an without grass odour, provided they were very starved. Vaselining or amputating one antenna, or fixing the two antennae in a crossed-over position, impaired but did not prevent upwind-orientated movement in response to grass odour. It is concluded that the normal upwind movement in response to grass odour is not osmotropotaxis but anemotaxis: the grass odour activates the insects and at the same time switches on their positive orientation reaction to the wind itself. A “repellent” odour also activates the insects and induces anemotaxis, which is now negative. Thus a variety of stimuli which excite locomotor activity simultaneously switch on anemotaxis, either positive or negative.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1 (1958), S. 225-239 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem kleinen Parzellenversuch wurden drei Ackerbohnensorten verglichen: Rastatter (bekannt als relativ resistent gegen Aphis fabae), Schlanstedter (sehr anfällig) und eine englische Tick Bohne. Das Wachstum der Pflanzen und der tägliche Befall mit geflügelten Aphis fabae und Acyrthosiphon pisum wurden aufgezeichnet (protokolliert), dabei hielten periodische Spritzungen mit Aphidiciden die Schädigung der Pflanzen möglichst niedrig. Schlanstedter blühte und fruchtete als erste, danach Rastatter (intermediär) und Tick mit den meisten Trieben, Blättern und Blüten zuletzt. Die Erträge von Schlanstedter und Rastatter waren annähernd die gleichen, die von Tick etwas niedriger. Der relative Befall mit Aphis fabae stand sowohl auf den Organen einer Sorte wie zwischen den Sorten in Beziehung zur Wuchsform. Die geringere Anzahl der Blattläuse auf Rastatter im Vergleich sowohl mit Schlanstedter wie mit Tick war mit dem “Kompromiß”-Wachstum der Rastatter verbunden, wobei das Wachstum während der kritischen Wochen zwischen Trieben und Früchten gleichmäßiger verteilt und offensichtlich bei den einzelnen Organen weniger kräftig ist. Zusammen mit dem gegensätzlichen Verhalten von A. pisum und früheren Arbeiten über die Phloemsaftzusammensetzung in Beziehung zu Pflanzenwuchs und Aphidenernährung weisen diese Beobachtungen darauf hin, daß der Phloemsaft für die Blattläuse bei der Rastatter am wenigsten nahrhaft sein dürfte und daß die Resistenz der Rastatter gegen Aphis fabae auf der Reaktion der geflügelten Migranten auf einige oberflächliche Pflanzeneigenschaften beruhen könnte, die mit Wachstumseigentümlichkeiten und der Saftzusammensetzung verbunden sind. Mögliche praktische Folgerungen werden kurz erwähnt.
    Notes: Abstract Three varieties of Field (Spring) Bean were compared in a small plot trial: Rastatt (known to be relatively resistant to Aphis fabae), Schlanstedt (very susceptible) and an English Tick Bean. Records were kept of the growth of the plants and of the day-to-day incidence of winged Aphis fabae and Acyrthosiphon pisum, with periodic aphicidal spraying to minimize damage to the plants. Schlanstedt was the first to flower and fruit, Rastatt intermediate and Tick last with the most shoots, leaves and flowers. Yields were about the same from Schlanstedt and Rastatt and somewhat lower from Tick. The relative incidence of A. fabae both among the organs of one variety and between varieties was correlated with growth pattern. The smaller number of aphids on Rastatt compared with both Schlanstedt and Tick was associated with the “compromise” growth pattern of Rastatt, wherein growth was more equally divided between shoots and fruits, and apparently less vigorous in the individual organs, during the critical weeks. These observations, together with the contrasted behaviour of A. pisum and previous work on phloem sap composition in relation to plant growth and aphid nutrition, suggest that the sap may have been least nutritious for aphids in Rastatt, and that the resistance of Rastatt to A. fabae may have been due to the winged migrants responding to some superficial plant features associated with growth pattern and sap composition. Possible practical implications are briefly mentioned.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1 (1958), S. 274-290 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Wirkungen beträchtlichen Wassermangels getopfter Wirtspflanzen auf Ansiedlung und Vermehrung von Aphis fabae Scop. wurde in Gewächshausversuchen mit im Labor herangezogenen geflügelten Virginoparen an Evonymus europaeus L. und mit Ungeflügelten an Vicia faba L. sowie in einem Feldversuch bei der natürlichen Besiedlung von E. europaeus untersucht. 2. Der Wassermangel verminderte Ansiedlung und Larvenproduktion und vergrößerte den Anteil geflügelter Nachkommen. Diese negativen Wirkungen können die normalen Wirkungen des Blattalters auslöschen, waren aber durch Wiederversorgung der Topferde mit Wasser leicht reversibel. Sie traten trotz der Bereicherung des Phloemsaftes ein, die aus dem Altern und der veränderten Zusammensetzung der Blätter bei Wasserverknappung zu schließen war. Sie werden auf Reize zurückgeführt, die auf einer Reduktion der für die Blattläuse zur Verfügung stehenden Saftmenge beruhen, welche als Folge reduzierten Turgordruckes oder steigender Saftviskosität entsteht. 3. Die gegenteiligen günstigen Auswirkungen des Wassermangels, über die früher bei verschiedenen Blattläusen berichtet wurde, können auf weniger starkem oder vorübergehendem Wassermangel in der Pflanze beruhen, wenn die Verringerung der erreichbaren Saftmenge von ihrer erhöhten Qualität mehr als ausgeglichen wird.
    Notes: Abstract Water strain in the host plant reduced aphid feeding and larviposition and sometimes increased the proportion of winged offspring. These negative effects on the aphids occurred despite the enrichment of the phloem sap that could be inferred from the senescence and changing composition of the leaves under water strain, tended to obliterate the normal effects of leaf age, and were readily reversible. They are attributed to stimuli associated with a reduction in the quantity of sap obtainable by the aphids owing to reduced turgor pressure or increased sap viscosity. The opposite, positive effects recorded previously with various aphids may be associated with less severe or intermittent water strain in the plant when the reduced quantity of sap obtainable is more than compensated by its improved quality.
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