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  • 1
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    wbv Media | wbv Media GmbH & Co. KG
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The ERiK-Methodological Report III is the third in a series of methodological reports related to the "Entwicklung von Rahmenbedingungen in der Kindertagesbetreuung -indikatorengestützte Qualitätsbeobachtung (ERiK)" study. The report focuses on the conception, sample selection, and survey designs of the ERiK-Surveys 2022. Together with the ERiK-Methodological Report I and II, that cover the ERiK Surveys 2020, it provides comprehensive background information on the ERiK-Surveys conducted in 2022 and describes their progression until December 31, 2021. The subsequent steps, such as implementing the ERiK-Surveys 2022, will be described in a later report.
    Keywords: Antiques & Collectibles ; thema EDItEUR::W Lifestyle, Hobbies and Leisure::WC Antiques, vintage and collectables
    Language: English
    Format: image/jpeg
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 11 (1999), S. 513-520 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Following previous work by Keller ["Inverse Euler equations," Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 49, 363 (1998)], that is extended to nonconservative flows, the general time-independent flow equations are first written in a perfectly antisymmetric form, using a pair of stream functions as the dependent variables. In a second step the equations are written in an inverse form, using the two stream functions and the natural coordinate as independent variables. The special cases of incompressible flow and inviscid axisymmetric flow are also considered. The main advantage of using these inverse equations is associated with the possibilities of using static pressure distributions, mach number distributions, geometric constraints, etc., or any combination of geometric constraints and specifications of physical quantities to define the boundary conditions. In contrast to conventional inverse methods, that are based on iterative approximations to a desired pressure distribution along the surface of a flow device, for example, the use of inverse equations offers the possibility to arrive at the solution for any kind of boundary conditions in a single step. Furthermore, there is no need for complicated grid generation procedures, because the domain of definition in inverse space is typically a cube with Cartesian coordinates. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper, we have examined the possibility that elastic bending induced by load misalignment can affect creep measurements on pin-loaded tension specimens of silicon nitride (Si3N4). We have shown that elastic bending at room temperature can be as great as 42% of the axial strain when clean pins were used but was reduced to ∼3% when lubricated pins were used. Creep tests at the same applied stress and temperature were conducted on two groups of Si3N4 test specimens: one group used clean pins, and the other group used lubricated pins. By measuring the shapes of the specimens before and after the creep tests, we have determined that the loading holes were slightly misaligned before the creep tests and that small amounts of bending were induced by the creep tests. Bending occurred both in the gauge section of the specimen and in the transition region between the gauge section and the heads of the specimen (the latter phenomenon is defined as hinge bending). Our study indicated that the secondary creep rate, the hinge bending, and the bending of the gauge section was not dependent on pin lubrication, because the results from the clean and lubricated groups were statistically indistinguishable. Hinge bending was dependent on initial misalignment of the loading holes, whereas bending of the gauge section was independent of such factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 6 (1994), S. 3028-3034 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Following recent work of the present author [Phys. Fluids 6, 1524 (1994)], the effects of entrainment of axisymmetric vortex flows are further investigated. Assuming self-similar flow, it is found that, under the influence of entrainment, vortex flows with jet-like cores always approach certain critical flow states, and self-similar solutions cease to exist afterward. It is argued that this apparent paradox can be resolved by accounting for the possibility of vortex breakdown. Furthermore, explanations are presented for the possible appearance of successive vortex breakdown transitions and for the increasingly jet-like character of certain subcritical vortex flows as they approach a cross section of critical flow.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 7 (1995), S. 1695-1702 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Studying the numerous papers that have appeared in the recent past that address "vortex breakdown,'' it may be difficult for a reader to avoid getting rather confused. It appears that various authors or even schools have conflicting views on the correct interpretation of the physics of vortex breakdown. Following the investigation by Keller et al. [Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 36, 854 (1985)], in this paper, axisymmetric forms of vortex breakdown, as originally defined by Benjamin [J. Fluid Mech. 14, 593 (1962)] are addressed. It is argued that at least some of the previous investigations have been concerned with different aspects of the same phenomena and may, in fact, not disagree. One of the most fundamental questions in this context concerns the properties of the distributions of total head and circulation on the downstream side of vortex breakdown transitions. Some previous investigators have suggested that the downstream flow would exhibit properties that are similar to those of a wake. For this reason the phenomenon of vortex breakdown is investigated for a class of distributions of total head and circulation in the domain of flow reversal that is substantially more general than in previous investigations. Finally, a variety of problems are discussed that are crucial for a more complete theory of vortex breakdown, but have not yet been solved. It is shown that for the typically small flow speeds in a domain of flow reversal produced by a vortex breakdown wave, the departures of both vortex core size and swirl number, with respect to the case of uniform total pressure in the zone of flow reversal, as discussed by Keller et al. [Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 36, 854 (1985)], remain surprisingly small. As a consequence, the possible appearance of large departures from a Kirchhoff-type wake must be due to viscous diffusion at low and due to shear-layer instabilities at high Reynolds numbers. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 6 (1994), S. 1515-1523 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A perfect-fluid theory for axially symmetrical vortex breakdown flows by Keller et al. [Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 36, 854 (1985); 39, 404 (1988)] is extended to three-dimensional compressible flows. In a first step, an approximate theory for thin vortex cores is compared to the exact theory for axially symmetrical flows of inviscid, incompressible fluids. In subsequent steps, the approximation for thin vortex cores is extended to flows of compressible fluids that are not axially symmetrical. Finally, the various types of vortex breakdown flows and the shear layer instabilities at the surface of vortex breakdown bubbles are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 6 (1994), S. 1524-1534 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In a first step, the problem of inviscid axisymmetric flow with buoyancy is investigated. It is found that both supercritical and subcritical vortex flows depart from their critical flow states if they are dominated by buoyancy. In a second step, the effects of entrainment are also taken into account. However, the investigation is restricted to nearly self-similar flows. Both supercritical and subcritical vortex flows approach their critical flow states if they are dominated by entrainment. However, the superimposed effects of buoyancy and entrainment may lead to an equilibrium close to the critical state. It is argued that the existence of such an equilibrium is the direct reason for the appearance of certain violent vortex flows in nature, including tornadoes and fire storms. The weather conditions that may lead to the appearance of tornadoes and the different forms of appearance are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 46 (1995), S. 122-148 
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper discusses the problem of critical-flow cross-sections in vortex flows. It is shown that there are two different types of vortex flows, A-type and B-type vortices (say). An A-type vortex approaches its critical flow state as its cross-sectional area increases and departs from the critical state as the cross-sectional area is decreased. This property is associated with the particular dependence of total pressure and circulation on the stream function, and it holds for both subcritical and supercritical A-type vortices. On the other hand, both subcritical and supercritical B-type vortices approach their critical flow states as their cross-sectional areas are decreased and depart from their critical states for increasing cross-sectional area. As was shown by Benjamin, setting the first variation of the flow force with respect to the stream function equal to zero leads to Euler's equation of motion. The second variation also vanishes if the corresponding flow state is critical. In this case the sign of the third variation decides whether the flow is an A-type or a B-type vortex. Within the framework of inviscid-fluid flow theory the type of a vortex is preserved unless vortex breakdown occurs. Making use of the knowledge that vortex flows are controlled by two different types of critical-flow cross-sections a variety of vortex flow phenomena are investigated, including the two types of inlet vortices that are observed upstream of jet engines, the behavior of vortex valves, the flow characteristics of liquid-fuel atomizers and the bath tub vortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 46 (1995), S. 297-327 
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird eine nichtlineare akustische Theorie vorgeschlagen, mit der das Verhalten einer verallgemeinerten Art von Helmholtzresonatoren beschrieben werden kann. Die Theorie kann als Werkzeug zur Auslegung von Schalldämpfern für Verbrennungsanlagen benutzt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass neben den nichtlinearen Effekten auch die Einflüsse der thermoakustischen Grenzschichten und der ersten Frequenzkorrektur zur “Helmholtzapproximation” berücksichtigt werden müssen, damit die frequenzabhängigen Eigenschaften von Helmholtzdämpfern mit technisch ausreichender Genauigkeit beschrieben werden können. Mit einer Reihe von Experimenten werden die theoretischen Ergebnisse untermauert.
    Notes: Summary In the present paper a nonlinear acoustic theory is proposed, to accurately describe the properties of a generalized type of Helmholtz resonators. The theory may be used as a layout tool to design sound attenuators for combustion facilities. The present investigation shows that, in addition to the nonlinear effects, the effects due to thermoacoustic boundary layers and the first frequency correction to the “Helmholtz approximation” should be taken into account, in order to predict the frequency-dependent attenuation properties of Helmholtz attenuators with the accuracy required by typical technical applications. A series of experiments is presented which is used to validate the theoretical predictions.
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