ALBERT

Description: Mr. H. R. VAN HEEKEREN and Mr. C. J. DU RY, of the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde at Leiden, entrusted me with the identification of some animal remains collected from Indian sites on Aruba by Professor J. P. B. DE JOSSELIN DE JONG in 1923. These remains relate for the most part to marine turtles (Chelonia mydas L. and Caretta caretta (L.)), indistinguishable from the recent forms today living in the Caribbean Sea, but they do include also a small number of bones of mammals. These comprise a few items which are of sufficient interest to make it worth while placing the specimens on record. Five species of mammals are represented, three of which do not belong to the extant fauna of Aruba. The annotated list is given below. Details on the localities of Santa Cruz and Savaneta are to be found in Mr. VAN HEEKEREN’S recent account on the non-ceramic artifacts (VAN HEEKEREN, 1960).

Description: The animal remains (mostly of shells, fish, and turtles) collected by Mr. H. R. VAN HEEKEREN and Mr. C. J. DU RY at the Indian site Sint Jan II, Curaçao, in March, 1960, include a few specimens of mammals. As was the case with the Indian site Santa Cruz, on Aruba (HOOIJER, 1960), several forms are represented that are no longer extant on the island, although this does not imply that all of them were strictly endemic at the time of formation of the Indian refuse heaps; they may have been imported for food or other purposes. The material dates from 1000—1500 A.D., and is therefore late pre-Columbian. The following forms are present:

Description: The fossil remains of rodents described in the present paper are from various localities. The large extinct musk rat Megalomys occurs in reddish-brown phosphatic “oolite” fillings of irregular cavities in a marine limestone found by Mr. P. H. DE BUISONJÉ in the north-western part of the Duivelsklip, eastern Curaçao, about 50 m above sea-level. The “oolite” also contains scanty remains of lizards, snakes, and of a bat. Fragmentary molluscs present possibly include Cerion uva (L.), a recent, very common, terrestrial species, as well as other gastropods, many opercula of which were found. Samples of a phosphatic “oölite” deposit collected in 1937 by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK from an escarpment near Fontein, Bonaire, proved to contain jaws, with teeth, of a genus of hesperomyine rodents, Thomasomys a single snake vertebra; and mollusc remains including what seem to be their coprolites.

Description: A male skull of Tapirus terrestris (L.) originating from Dutch Guiana (Leiden Museum, reg. no. 11632), received from the Rotterdam Zoological Garden through the kind intermediary of Mr. F. J. APPELMAN on July 15, 1952, is remarkable for the abnormal development of its right P1. The full permanent dentition is in place except for the posterior premolars and last molars, which are in alveolo. The teeth are but little worn and, apart from the right P1, they do not show anv unusual characters. The left P1 has the shape normally found in the Brazilian tapir; the crown is triangular with rounded angles, and bears a continuous outer crest (ectoloph) extending from the front angle (parastyle) to the posterior outer cusp (metacone). The position of the central outer cusp (paracone), merged in the crest, is indicated only by a weak vertical ridge on the labial face of the ectoloph, flattening toward the crown base, the paracone style. The posterior inner cusp (hypocone) is a low but distinct, anteroposteriorly elongated elevation of the cingulum. The protocone is just visible as a tiny cusp on the lingual cingulum, internal to the paracone. The labial cingulum is shown as a slight swelling all along the base of the ectoloph. There is a broad posterior root, imperfectly subdivided into a larger labial and a smaller lingual portion, and there is a single anterior root; the roots are but slightly divergent. The anteroposterior diameter of the crown is 17.1 mm, the posterior width, 13.2 mm.

Description: Although the discovery of the elephantine mentioned in the title of the present contribution dates from the early days of collecting in the Siwalik Hills (Falconer and Cautley, 1845, pl. 2 figs. 5a, 5b, as Elephas planifrons the stratigraphical position of this species within the tremendously thick Siwalik series of continental deposits was first settled only in 1913, when Pilgrim wrote: “There is absolutely no trace of Elephas either in the Middle Siwalik or in the Tatrot zone of the Upper Siwalik. It first appears as the species Elephas planifrons some 2,000 feet above the base of the Tatrot zone” (Pilgrim, 1913, p. 294), that is, within the Pinjor zone. Hence, Pilgrim (1. c., pl. 26) assigns Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley) to the Pinjor zone of the Upper Siwaliks. Meanwhile, molars indistinguishable from those of the Siwalik A. planifrons had been discovered in Bessarabia, Southern Russia (Pavlow, 1910, p. 27, pl. I fig. 23) and in Lower Austria (Schlesinger, 1912, p. 89), in strata which were then considered to be approximately of Upper and of Middle Pliocene age respectively. In accordance with this, Pilgrim (l.c., p. 323) regards the Pinjor zone as Middle to Upper Pliocene, and the underlying Tatrot zone, the basal beds of the Upper Siwaliks, as Lower Pliocene. However, he states further that, if some subsequent discovery should bring to light a specimen of A. planifrons in the basal beds of the Upper Siwaliks, it would then be impossible to regard the Tatrot zone as much older than the occurrences of this species in Europe (l.c., p. 295). Unfortunately, the beautiful specimens of Archidiskodon planifrons collected in 1922 by Barnum Brown in the Upper Siwaliks around Kalka were loosely embedded in sand, occurring in gullies or depressions, and consequently are of uncertain stratigraphie position; yet Osborn (1942, pp. 950—959) regards these molars as having been derived from the Pinjor zone.

Description: A male skull of Tapirus terrestris (L.) originating from Dutch Guiana (Leiden Museum, reg. no. 11632), received from the Rotterdam Zoological Garden through the kind intermediary of Mr. F. J. APPELMAN on July 15, 1952, is remarkable for the abnormal development of its right P1. The full permanent dentition is in place except for the posterior premolars and last molars, which are in alveolo. The teeth are but little worn and, apart from the right P1, they do not show anv unusual characters.\nThe left P1 has the shape normally found in the Brazilian tapir; the crown is triangular with rounded angles, and bears a continuous outer crest (ectoloph) extending from the front angle (parastyle) to the posterior outer cusp (metacone). The position of the central outer cusp (paracone), merged in the crest, is indicated only by a weak vertical ridge on the labial face of the ectoloph, flattening toward the crown base, the paracone style. The posterior inner cusp (hypocone) is a low but distinct, anteroposteriorly elongated elevation of the cingulum. The protocone is just visible as a tiny cusp on the lingual cingulum, internal to the paracone. The labial cingulum is shown as a slight swelling all along the base of the ectoloph. There is a broad posterior root, imperfectly subdivided into a larger labial and a smaller lingual portion, and there is a single anterior root; the roots are but slightly divergent. The anteroposterior diameter of the crown is 17.1 mm, the posterior width, 13.2 mm.

Description: The faunas of Lothagam, Kanapoi and Ekora on the west side of Lake Rudolf in Kenya include well-preserved Hipparion material. The most interesting species is represented by a skull from Lothagam that is devoid of a preorbital fossa : Hipparion turkanense Hooijer & Maglio. The upper cheek teeth have small fossette plications and rather wrinkled anteroposterior fossette borders; the lower cheek teeth also show this wrinkled enamel condition, notably on the buccal wall, and sport no ectostylids. The closest resemblances are with certain Chinese "Pontian" forms described by Sefve.\nAn equally large Hipparion with a preorbital fossa occurs at Kanapoi and Ekora.\nThe upper cheek teeth are richly plicated fore and aft, and the anteroposterior fossette borders are not wrinkled. The lower cheek teeth do possess ectostylids, although these structures do not always show. This species also occurs in the "Pontian" of North Africa: it was described as Hipparion africanum Arambourg from Wad el Hammam in Algeria. We designate the Kanapoi-Ekora Hipparion as Hipparion primigenium (Von Meyer).\nA third species represented in the Lothagam-Kanapoi-Ekora collection is of small size; not only the teeth are present but also a set of metacarpals. The isolated teeth present a striking resemblance to those of Hipparion sitifense Pomel from deposits of pre-Villafranchian age in North Africa (Saint-Arnaud, Mascara). The median metacarpal is as slender in build as that of Hipparion mediterraneum Roth & Wagner from Pikermi, but the distal articulations of metacarpals II and IV are heavier than in that species. We designate the small northwestern Kenya Hipparion as Hipparion cf. sitifense Pomel.

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction................... 4\nSystematic part.................. 5\nPisces.................... 5\nAmphibia................... 6\nHyla arborea (L.) subsp............... 6\nReptilia................... 6\nTestudo spec.................. 6\nOphisaurus apodus (Pallas).............. 8\nChamaeleo chamaeleon (L.) subsp............. 8\nSerpentes.................. 9\nAves.................... 9\nGyps fulvus (Hablizl)............... 9\nMammalia................... 11\nInsectivora.................. 11\nCrocidura spec................. 11\nRodentia................... 11\nSciurus anomalus G\xc3\xbcldenst\xc3\xa4dt subsp............ 11\nMicrotus cf. machintoni Bate............. 12\nSpalax spec.................. *3 Apodemus cf. mystacinus (Danford et Alston)........ J4 Apodemus spec................. x5 Hystrix cf. indica Kerr............... I^ Carnivora.................. 17\nCanis lupus L. subsp................ J7

Description: Quant aux naturalistes qui reconnaissent que les vari\xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9s sont restreintes dans certaines limites fix\xc3\xa9es par la nature, il faut, pour leur r\xc3\xa9pondre, examiner jusqu\'o\xc3\xb9 s\'\xc3\xa9tendent ces limites, recherche curieuse, fort int\xc3\xa9ressante...\nCUVIER, G., Discours sur les r\xc3\xa9volutions de la surface du globe, 3rd ed., Paris, 1825, p. 118.\n\nCONTENTS\nIntroduction................... 4\nOn the variation of Hippopotamus amphibius L.......... 6\nThe fossil Hippopotamidae of Asia............ 30\nHippopotamus iravaticus Falconer et Cautley......... 34\nHippopotamus sivalensis Falconer et Cautley......... 36\nHippopotamus sivalensis sivalensis Falconer et Cautley ...... 40\nHippopotamus sivalensis namadicus Falconer et Cautley...... 49\nHippopotamus sivalensis palaeindicus Falconer et Cautley..... 51\nHippopotamus sivalensis duboisi nov. subsp.......... 54\nHippopotamus sivalensis cf. palaeindicus Falconer et Cautley .... 56\nHippopotamus sivalensis sinhaleyus Deraniyagala........ 56\nHippopotamus sivalensis sivajavanicus (Dubois)........ 57\nHippopotamus sivalensis koenigswaldi Hooijer........ 65\nHippopotamus sivalensis soloensis nov. subsp.......... 75\nHippopotamus sivalensis Falconer et Cautley subsp........ 86\nPostcranial remains of Hippopotamus from the Pleistocene of Java ... 87\nIncertae sedis................. 108\nSubspeciation in Hippopotamus sivalensis Falconer et Cautley . . . . 109

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction................... 1\nOrder Artiodactyla Owen............... 8\nFamily Bovidae Gray................ 8\nSubfamily Bovinae Gill................ 8\nDuboisia santeng (Dubois).............. 8\nEpileptobos groeneveldtii (Dubois)............ 19\nHemibos triquetricornis R\xc3\xbctimeyer............ 60\nHemibos acuticornis (Falconer et Cautley).......... 61\nBubalus palaeokerabau Dubois............. 62\nBubalus bubalis (L.) subsp............... 77\nBibos palaesondaicus Dubois.............. 78\nBibos javanicus (d\'Alton) subsp.............. 98\nSubfamily Caprinae Gill................ 99\nCapricornis sumatraensis (Bechstein) subsp........... 99\nLiterature cited.................. 106\nExplanation of the plates............... 11o\nINTRODUCTION\nThe Bovidae make up a very large portion of the Dubois collection of fossil vertebrates from Java, second only to the Proboscidea in bulk. Before Dubois began his explorations in Java in 1890 we knew very little about the fossil bovids of that island. Martin (1887, p. 61, pl. VII fig. 2) described a horn core as Bison sivalensis Falconer (?); Bison sivalensis Martin has already been placed in the synonymy of Bibos palaesondaicus Dubois by Von Koenigswald (1933, p. 93), which is evidently correct. Pilgrim (in Bron-