ALBERT — All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

1

Electronic Resource

Restoration Biology: A Population Biology Perspective (1997)

Montalvo, Arlee M. ; Williams, Susan L. ; Rice, Kevin J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Restoration ecology 5 (1997), S. 0

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ISSN: 1526-100X

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: A major goal of population biologists involved in restoration work is to restore populations to a level that will allow them to persist over the long term within a dynamic landscape and include the ability to undergo adaptive evolutionary change. We discuss five research areas of particular importance to restoration biology that offer potentially unique opportunities to couple basic research with the practical needs of restorationists. The five research areas are: (1) the influence of numbers of individuals and genetic variation in the initial population on population colonization, establishment, growth, and evolutionary potential; (2) the role of local adaptation and life history traits in the success of restored populations; (3) the influence of the spatial arrangement of landscape elements on metapopulation dynamics and population processes such as migration; (4) the effects of genetic drift, gene flow, and selection on population persistence within an often accelerated, successional time frame; and (5) the influence of interspecific interactions on population dynamics and community development. We also provide a sample of practical problems faced by practitioners, each of which encompasses one or more of the research areas discussed, and that may be solved by addressing fundamental research questions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.00542.x

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Vertical Growth and Mycorrhizal Infection of Woody Plant Roots as Potential Limits to the Restoration of Woodlands on Landfills (1998)

Parsons, William F. J. ; Ehrenfeld, Joan G. ; Handel, Steven N.

Cambridge, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc

Restoration ecology 6 (1998), S. 0

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ISSN: 1526-100X

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: We assessed the vertical growth and mycorrhizal infection of woody plant roots on a closed landfill, using tree and shrub clusters that had been previously installed in patches of increasing size to establish protocols for woodland restoration. The density of the fine roots of shrubs, which had poor-to-moderate mycorrhizal infection, decreased strongly with increasing depth. Oak (Quercus) seedlings planted within and outside patches were assessed for ectomycorrhizal infection. Oak root systems were mycorrhizal, but root-tip proliferation was improved and ectomycorrhizal composition was influenced by woody debris in the mineral soil. Most surviving oaks were found within patches, but all seedlings showed poor growth: most taproots were deflected horizontally above the boundary between surface soil and subsoil layers (〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:10612971:REC6310:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉−15 cm). Abrupt decreases in pH between surface and subsurface horizons (6.9 versus 5.3), together with poor drainage and aeration of the latter soil, were probably responsible for poor root growth. Root growth of greenhouse-grown pine and maple seedlings was similarly restricted in pots packed with topsoil over subsoil material. Our results suggest that many current specifications for the cover of closed landfills will not permit restoration of native woody plant communities because of physical limitations to root growth and infectivity. The structure of the engineered soil must address basic plant growth requirements as well as traditional concerns of drainage and barrier protection.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1998.06310.x

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3

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Restoration of Woody Plants to Capped Landfills: Root Dynamics in an Engineered Soil (1997)

Handel, Steven N. ; Robinson, George R. ; Parsons, William F. J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Restoration ecology 5 (1997), S. 0

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ISSN: 1526-100X

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Closed or abandoned landfills represent significant land areas, often in or near urban centers, that are potential sites for ecological restoration of native woodlands. But current guidelines in many jurisdictions do not allow for the installation of trees or shrubs above landfill clay caps, although these plants have many environmental, functional, and aesthetic advantages, including a rapid start to community succession. Typical closure procedures for capped landfills include only a grass cover to control moisture infiltration and impede soil erosion. The main concern that limits the application of a woody cover to a closed landfill is that roots may penetrate and weaken the clay cap. As part of a comprehensive experimental program on woodland restoration, we installed 22 tree and shrub species on Staten Island, New York (the Fresh Kills Sanitary Landfill). We found no evidence that roots of the transplanted woody plants penetrate caps used on these landfills. Root growth requirements and dynamics stop penetration of these materials. Anoxic and acidic conditions were found in the sandy subsoil above the cap, as indicated by corrosion patterns on steel test rods. Also, the intensity of mycorrhizal infection on the experimental plants was high in the surface soil and decreased progressively with increasing soil depth. The potential vertical rooting depth during this time period was greater than that occurring over the clay cap. This was shown from data collected on a nearby control site, where seven of the species were installed on an engineered soil lacking a clay barrier layer, and roots of all seven species penetrated deeper than on the landfill. The engineered landfill soils are poor growth media for roots, and below ground constraints that limit restoration on these sites must be addressed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09721.x

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4

Electronic Resource

Biodiversity Resources for Restoration Ecology (1994)

Handel, Steven N. ; Robinson, George R. ; Beattie, Andrew J.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Restoration ecology 2 (1994), S. 0

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ISSN: 1526-100X

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Biological resources can be more usefully incorporated into many aspects of restoration ecology. During the planning and design stage, the wide genotypic variation in natural plant populations must be recognized and exploited. This will ensure that genotypes used on a site are best adapted to local conditions and have a greater probability of survivorship than arbitrarily chosen material. Also, certain unusual genotypes can be located using the principles of evolutionary ecology and can be installed in areas with extreme conditions, such as soils contaminated with heavy metals, in areas where rapid colonizing ability (high seed set and/or clonal growth) is particularly advantageous, or where soils are of poor quality. Similarly, where high herbivore pressure is a threat to restoration, genotypes that are well defended, chemically or mechanically, against animal enemies should be selected to initiate the restoration process. The nursery industry can be encouraged to supply an ecologically wider selection of material for restoration, originating from local biological reserves and natural habitats. During the management phase of a restoration, local natural habitats are critical as reservoirs of biological control agents, seed sources for plant species, and members of higher trophic levels and additional plant species needed during succession. Mutualists such as pollinators, seed dispersers, and mycorrhizal fungi are vital to the success of a restoration project, and these must invade from nearby natural habitats or must be deliberately introduced. During the evaluation phase of restoration, local natural areas should be used as templates of community composition and structure from which one measures success. A functioning restoration project will interact biologically with surrounding areas, the exchange of species and genes being particularly important. Analysis of the microbial and invertebrate communities that have invaded the installed plant community may be useful and accurate determinants of ecological function. For these latter stages of the restoration process, the value of preserving local habitat remnants is high and complements their usefulness as a source of ecologically precise material for installation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1994.tb00055.x

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5

Electronic Resource

Restricted pollen flow of two woodland herbs determined by neutron-activation analysis (1976)

HANDEL, STEVEN N.

[s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group

Nature 260 (1976), S. 422-423

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ISSN: 1476-4687

Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Notes: [Auszug] Car ex plantaginea Lam. and Car ex platyphylla Carey (Cyperaceae) are common sedges in New York forests. These monoecious plants flower in early May. The florets are highly modified for wind pollination, although the different culm (stem) morphologies of the two species suggest that pollen flow ...

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/260422a0

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6

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Jumping spiders (Salticidae) enhance the seed production of a plant with extrafloral nectaries (1999)

Ruhren, Scott ; Handel, Steven N.

Springer

Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 227-230

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Key words Extrafloral nectaries ; Chamaecrista nictitans ; Jumping spiders ; Eris sp. ; Metaphidippus sp.

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Many plants secrete nectar from extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), specialized structures that usually attract ants which can act as plant defenders. We examined the nectar-mediated interactions between Chamaecrista nictitans (Caesalpineaceae) and jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) for 2 years in old fields in New Jersey, USA. Previous research suggests that spiders are entirely carnivorous, yet jumping spiders (Eris sp. and Metaphidippus sp.) on C. nictitans collected nectar in addition to feeding on herbivores, ants, bees, and other spiders. In a controlled-environment experiment, when given a choice between C. nictitans with or without active EFNs, foraging spiders spent 86% of their time on plants with nectar. C. nictitans with resident jumping spiders did set significantly more seed than plants with no spiders, indicating a beneficial effect from these predators. However, the presence of jumping spiders did not decrease numbers of Sennius cruentatus (Bruchidae), a specialist seed predator of C. nictitans. Jumping spiders may provide additional, unexpected defense to plants possessing EFNs. Plants with EFNs may therefore have beneficial interactions with other arthropod predators in addition to nectar-collecting ants.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050780

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7

Electronic Resource

Thynnine wasps discriminate among heights when seeking mates: tests with a sexually deceptive orchid (1993)

Handel, Steven N. ; Peakall, Rod

Springer

Oecologia 95 (1993), S. 241-245

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Orchids ; Thynnines ; Chiloglottis reflexa ; Pollination ; Mimicry

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The flower of a sexually deceptive orchid, Chiloglottis reflexa, mimics both the sex pheromone and the appearance of a female thynnine wasp (Neozeloboria nr. proxima). The flower is pollinated when visited by male wasps, who attempt mating with the flower. We have used these mimetic flowers to investigate mating behavior of the male wasps. In field choice experiments, males strongly prefer to visit flowers that are very low in the habitat, 15 cm, vs. flowers that are placed at 55 or 105 cm. These studies suggest that male precopulatory response is strongly dependent on the microlocation of the female (or female mimic). Other insect-mimicking orchids, which together attract several groups of Hymenoptera, may be useful in analogous experiments on mating behavior. Additionally, these experiments help elucidate features of the mimetic flowers, particularly stature, that act to efficiently attract potential pollinators.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323496

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8

Electronic Resource

Woody plant roots fail to penetrate a clay-lined landfill: Managment implications (1995)

Robinson, George R. ; Handel, Steven N.

Springer

Environmental management 19 (1995), S. 57-64

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ISSN: 1432-1009

Keywords: Clay liner ; Evironmental regulation ; Restoration ecology ; Root penetration ; Santary landfills ; Woody plants

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract In many locations, regulatory agencies do not permit tree planting above landfills that are sealed with a capping clay, because roots might penetrate the clay barrier and expose landfill contents to leaching. We find, however, no empirical or theoretical basis for this restriction, and instead hypothesize that plant roots of any kind are incapable of penetrating the dense clays used to seal landfills. As a test, we excavated 30 trees and shrubs, of 12 species, growing over a clay-lined municipal sanitary landfill on Staten Island, New York. The landfill had been closed for seven years, and featured a very shallow (10 to 30-cm) soil layer over a 45-cm layer of compacted grey marl (Woodbury series) clay. The test plants had invaded naturally from nearby forests. All plants examined—including trees as tall as 6 m—had extremely shallow root plates, with deformed tap roots that grew entirely above and parallel to the clay layer. Only occasional stubby feeder roots were found in the top 1 cm of clay, and in clay cracks at depths to 6 cm, indicating that the primary impediment to root growth was physical, although both clay and the overlying soil were highly acidic. These results, if confirmed by experimental research should lead to increased options for the end use of many closed sanitary landfills.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02472003

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9

Electronic Resource

Survival, reproduction, and recruitment of woody plants after 14 years on a reforested landfill (1992)

Robinson, George R. ; Handel, Steven N. ; Schmalhofer, Victoria R.

Springer

Environmental management 16 (1992), S. 265-271

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ISSN: 1432-1009

Keywords: Restoration ecology ; Plant succession ; Seed dispersal ; Plant reproduction ; Landfills ; Woody plants

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract With the advent of modern sanitary landfill closure techniques, the opportunity exists for transforming municipal landfills into urban woodlands. While costs of fullscale reforestation are generally prohibitive, a modest planting of clusters of trees and shrubs could initiate or accelerate population expansions and natural plant succession from open field to diverse forest. However, among woody species that have been screened for use on landfills, these ecological potentials have not yet been investigated. We examined a 14-yr-old landfill plantation in New Jersey, USA, established to test tolerance of 19 species of trees and shrubs to landfill environments. We measured survivorship, reproduction, and recruitment within and around the experimental installation. Half of the original 190 plants were present, although survival and growth rates varied widely among species. An additional 752 trees and shrubs had colonized the plantation and its perimeter, as well as 2955 stems of vines. However, the great majority (〉95%) of woody plants that had colonized were not progeny of the planted cohort, but instead belonged to 18 invading species, mostly native, bird-dispersed, and associated with intermediate stages of secondary plant succession. Based on this evidence, we recommend that several ecological criteria be applied to choices of woody species for the restoration of municipal landfills and similar degraded sites, in order to maximize rapid and economical establishment of diverse, productive woodlands.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393832

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