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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1995-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-5193
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-8541
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1998-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-1042
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1904
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0739-4462
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6327
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 85 (1998), S. 31-33 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 85 (1973), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The direction of dances of bees, trained for a place in the certain direction, were recorded in a horizontal hive sheltered with a white tent, where windows exposing the blue sky could be opened. The check distribution of directions indicated by dancing foragers was recorded under the completely sheltered tent. 2. The orientation of bees was faultless under the window exposing the area of the sky within the solid angle of 0.157 ster, i.e. occupying 2,5% of the sky hemisphere, in the belt of maximal polarization (polarization content 30–40%). The accuracy of orientation diminished with decrease in the size of the window (Table 1, Kg. 4). Increasing the polarization to 100% level by means of polaroid filter, one scarcely improves the orientation capacity of bees (Table 2, Pig. 4). The threshold area of the blue sky necessary for orientation is estimated as 0.027 to 0.039 ster. 3. When the sky was exposed through four small windows with total area of 0.157 ster but each one being of subthreshold size, in different arrangements (Fig. 3), the accuracy of orientation diminished immediately with increase of spacing among small windows (Table 3). The size of the zone of full summation for a system integrating the signal about polarization could not exceed considerably the size of a field sufficient for the faultless orientation. 4. The fields for the threshold and faultless orientation are described in terms of arrays of ommatidia. The number of ommatidia in these fields are 25–50 and 150–200 respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 97 (1975), S. 339-353 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Drehung der frei beweglichen Biene um einen beliebigen Winkel wurde durch Umschalten der die Biene anlockenden Lichtquellen hervorgerufen. 2. Bei schnellem geradlinigen Lauf wendet die Biene die Gangart an, die aus zwei alternierenden Dreifüßen besteht. Bei langsamer Lokomotion kann die Dauer des SchrittzyklusT größer als die Laufzeit der Metachronwellet m werden;t m und seltenerT können auf der rechten und linken Seite ungleich sein. 3. Die Verfahren, die die Biene zum Wenden benutzt, lassen sich wie folgt nach zunehmender Effektivität ordnen: Drehung ohne Änderung der Gangart, Verkürzung der Schrittzykluszeit auf der Drehinnenseite; Anhalten des Hinterbeines auf der Drehinnenseite; dasselbe auf der Außenseite; Rückwärtsgang auf der Innenseite. 4. Als Maß der Drehungseffektivität wurde die Länge der Bahnkurve, d.h. die Trajektorienlänge benutzt, bezogen auf eine Drehung pro l Radiant (57,3°). 5. Mit Vergrößerung des Drehwinkels von 0 auf 180° verkleinert sich der Drehweg monoton. Für die Verkürzung des Drehwegs werden nacheinander immer effektivere Verfahren benutzt. Das Drehkommando wächst also monoton mit Vergrößerung der Winkelabweichung. 6. Diese Abhängigkeit des Führungskommandos von der Winkelabweichung wird der aus den Experimenten über die stationäre Orientierung bekannten sinusförmigen Kennlinie gegenübergestellt.
    Notes: Summary 1. In free running bees turns through an arbitrary angle were elicited by switching the light sources, which attracted the insects. 2. During the swift forward run the bees used the alternating tripod gait. During the slow walk the period of stepping cycleT could be longer than the time of run of the metachronal wavet m .t m and, more seldom,T could be different on the right and left side. 3. The methods a bee used for turning can be ranged according to increasing effectivity as follows: a) alterations of step amplitude and direction of drag, the gait remaining unchanged; b) duration ofT andt m increased on the inner side of the animal and decreased on the outer side; c) the hind leg of the inner side halted; d) the same did the hind leg of the outer side; e) the legs of the inner side walked backwards. 4. As an estimate of turning efficiency we adopted the length of the path during turning, i.e. the trajectory of the centre of the thorax related to the turn for 1 radian. 5. With increasing the indicated angle of a turn from 0 to 180° the length of the path during the turn monotonously decreases, and in order to turn a bee applies more and more efficient modes. The conclusion is, that the turning command monotonously increases upon increasing of the error angle up to 180°. 6. This dependence of the turning command upon the error angle is compared to the well-known sinusoidal relationship, which was deduced from experiments in stationary (not transient) orientation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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