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  • 1
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    Site-selection criteria for the Einstein Telescope (2020)
    AIP
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-09
    Description: The Einstein Telescope (ET) is a proposed next-generation, underground gravitational-wave detector to be based in Europe. It will provide about an order of magnitude sensitivity increase with respect to the currently operating detectors and, also extend the observation band targeting frequencies as low as 3 Hz. One of the first decisions that needs to be made is about the future ET site following an in-depth site characterization. Site evaluation and selection is a complicated process, which takes into account science, financial, political, and socio-economic criteria. In this paper, we provide an overview of the site-selection criteria for ET, provide a formalism to evaluate the direct impact of environmental noise on ET sensitivity, and outline the necessary elements of a site-characterization campaign.
    Description: Published
    Description: 094504
    Description: 6IT. Osservatori non satellitari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: site characterization ; Einstein Telescope ; Gravitational Waves
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    A Seismological Study of the Sos Enattos Area—the Sardinia Candidate Site for the Einstein Telescope (2020)
    SSA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-08
    Description: The recent discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) and their potential for cosmic observations prompted the design of the future third‐generation GW interferometers, able to extend the observation distance for sources up to the frontier of the Universe. In particular, the European detector Einstein Telescope (ET) has been proposed to reach peak strain sensitivities of about 3×10−25Hz−1/2 in the 100 Hz frequency region and to extend the detection band down to 1 Hz. In the bandwidth [1,10] Hz, the seismic ambient noise is expected to represent the major perturbation to interferometric measurements, and the site that will host the future detectors must fulfill stringent requirements on seismic disturbances. In this article, we conduct a seismological study at the Italian ET candidate site, the dismissed mine of Sos Enattos in Sardinia. In the range between few mHz to hundreds of mHz, out of the detection bandwidth for ET, the seismic noise is compatible with the new low‐noise model (Peterson, 1993); in the [0.1,1] Hz bandwidth, we found that seismic noise is correlated with sea wave height in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. In the [1,10] Hz frequency band, noise is mainly due to anthropic activities; within the mine tunnels (⁠≃100m underground), its spectrum is compliant with the requirements of the ET design. Noise amplitude decay with depth is consistent with a dominance of Rayleigh waves, as suggested by synthetic seismograms calculated for a realistic velocity structure obtained from the inversion of phase‐ and group‐velocity dispersion data from array recording of a mine blasting. Further investigations are planned for a quantitative assessment of the principal noise sources and their spatiotemporal variations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 352–364
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for the Einstein Telescope (2020)
    IOP
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-09
    Description: In this work we report the ongoing characterization of the Sos Enattos former mine (Sardinia, Italy), one of the two candidate sites for the Einstein Telescope (ET), the European third-generation underground interferometric detector of Gravitational Waves. The Sos Enattos site lies on a crystalline basement, made of rocks with good geomechanical properties, characterized by negligible groundwater. In addition, the site has a very low seismic background noise due to the absence of active tectonics involving Sardinia. Finally, the area has a low population density, resulting in a reduced anthropic noise even at the ground level. This location was already studied in 2012-2014 as a promising site for an underground detector. More recently, in March 2019, we deployed a new network of surface and underground seismometers at the site, that is currently monitoring the local seismic noise. Most of the energy carried by the seismic waves is due to the microseisms below 1 Hz, showing a significant correlation with the waves of the west Mediterranean sea. Above 1 Hz the seismic noise in the underground levels of the mine approaches the Peterson's low noise model. Exploiting mine blasting works into the former mine, we were also able to perform active seismic measurements to evaluate the seismic waves propagation across the area. In conclusion we also give a first assessment about the acoustic and magnetic noise in this underground site.
    Description: Published
    Description: 012242
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Earthquake Early Warning System for Virgo: a design study (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-14
    Description: The Virgo interferometer was able to reach its design sensitivity thanks to the performance of the seismic superattenuators. However, the ground shaking due to earthquakes both from regional and teleseismic distances can significantly affect the instrument duty cycle, especially during extended observational runs like the imminent O3.A strong event in proximity to the site could even threaten the delicate fused-silica suspensions.A fast, reliable Earthquake Early Warning system (EEWS) should issue an alert of incoming ground shaking leaving enough time to take appropriate counteractions to limit uncontrolled and unwanted oscillations of test masses. First we analyse the effects of past and present earthquakes at Virgo site with the goal to assess the relevant parameters (like distance, magnitude, azimuth) of the events able to cause significant shaking.This is accomplished using data recorded during the O2 run from seismometers located in the Virgo buildings integrated by data from italian seismic network from INGV.Then we present some ideas about the implementation of an EEWS and its requirements in term of new technologies to be developed within the framework of INGV and Ego Virgo collaboration. The aim is to define the most appropriate EEWS schema in order to maximize both safety and duty cycle of the interferometers for the case of local, regional and teleseismic earthquakes.
    Description: Academia Europaea
    Description: Published
    Description: Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Keywords: Earthquake Early Warning System ; Gravitational Observatories
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 5
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    Seismic glitchness at Sos Enattos site: impact on intermediate black hole binaries detection efficiency (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-04
    Description: Third-generation gravitational wave observatories will extend the lower frequency limit of the observation band toward 2 Hz, where new sources of gravitational waves, in particular intermediate-mass black holes (IMBH), will be detected. In this frequency region, seismic noise will play an important role, mainly through the so-called Newtonian noise, i.e., the gravity-mediated coupling between ground motion and test mass displacements. The signal lifetime of such sources in the detector is of the order of tens of seconds. In order to determine whether a candidate site to host the Einstein Telescope observatory is particularly suitable to observe such sources, it is necessary to estimate the probability distributions that, in the characteristic time scale of the signal, the sensitivity of the detector is not perturbed by Newtonian noise. In this paper, a first analysis is presented, focused on the Sos Enattos site (Sardinia, Italy), a candidate to host the Einstein Telescope. Starting from a long data set of seismic noise, this distribution is evaluated considering both the presently designed triangular ET configuration and also the classical ”L” configuration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 511
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: gravitation waves ; site characterization ; Einstein Telescope ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Characterizing the Sardinia candidate site for the Einstein Telescope (2024)
    Sissa
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Due to its unique geophysical features and to the low density population of the area, Sos Enattos is a promising candidate site to host the Einstein Telescope (ET), the third-generation Gravitational Wave Observatory. The geophysical characterization of the Sos Enattos former mine, close to one of the proposed ET corners, started in 2010 with the deployment of seismic and environmental sensors underground. Since 2019 a new extensive array of seismometers, magnetometers and acoustic sensors have been installed in three stations along the underground tunnels, with one additional station at the surface. Beside a new geological survey over a wider area, two boreholes about 270 m deep each were excavated at the other two corners, determining the good quality of the drilled granite and orthogneiss rocks and the absence of significant thoroughgoing fault zones. These boreholes are instrumented with broadband seismometers that revealed an outstanding low level of vibrational noise in the low-frequency band of ET-LF (2-10Hz), significantly lower than the Peterson's NLNM and resulting among the quietest seismic stations in the world in that frequency band. The low seismic background and the reduced number of seismic glitches ensure that just a moderated Newtonian noise subtraction would be needed to achieve the ET target sensitivity. Geoelectrical and active seismic campaigns have been carried out to reveal the features of the subsurface, revealing the presence of small-sized fractured areas with limited water circulation. Finally, temporary arrays of seismometers, magnetometers and acoustic sensors are deployed in the area to study the local sources of environmental noise.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Gravitational waves ; ambient noise ; Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Array analysis of seismic noise at the Sos Enattos mine, the Italian candidate site for the Einstein Telescope (2024)
    Springer-Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: The area surrounding the dismissed mine of Sos Enattos (Sardinia, Italy) is the Italian candidate site for hosting Einstein Telescope (ET), the third-generation gravitational wave (GW) observatory. One of the goals of ET is to extend the sensitivity down to frequencies well below those currently achieved by GW detectors, i.e. down to 2 Hz. In the bandwidth [1,10] Hz, the seismic noise of anthropogenic origin is expected to represent the major perturbation to the operation of the infrastructure, and the site that will host the future detector must fulfill stringent requirements on seismic disturbances. In this paper we describe the operation of a temporary, 15-element, seismic array deployed in close proximity to the mine. Signals of anthropogenic origin have a transient nature, and their spectra are characterized by a wide spectral lobe spanning the [3,20] Hz frequency interval. Superimposed to this wide lobe are narrow spectral peaks within the [3,8] Hz frequency range. Results from slowness analyses suggest that the origin of these peaks is related to vehicle traffic along the main road running east of the mine. Exploiting the correlation properties of seismic noise, we derive a dispersion curve for Rayleigh waves, which is then inverted for a shallow velocity structure down to depths of 150 m. This data, which is consistent with that derived from analysis of a quarry blast, provide a first assessment of the elastic properties of the rock materials at the site candidate to hosting ET.
    Description: Published
    Description: 793
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismic noise ; Einstein Telescope
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Study of the cosmic muon rate nearby the Advanced Virgo detector at the end of the O3 run (2024)
    Sissa
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: Cosmic-ray particles have long been studied as a potential source of noise for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. These particles, mostly muons at sea level, can interact with the detector mirrors inducing thermal effects, which, at the detector output, could be observed as transient excesses of noise, namely glitches. For the Advanced Virgo detector, the rate of these particles is monitored by a muon telescope located in the vicinity of the detector central building. We present here the correlation study of the rate of muons with the rate of glitches during a couple of weeks at the end of the third joint LIGO-Virgo observing, O3. We also present the correlation of the previous quantities with other environmental effects, showing how the latter dominate the glitch rate and can explain a significant part of its variations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 059
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: virgo ; cosmic muons
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Impact of infrasound atmospheric noise on gravity detectors used for astrophysical and geophysical applications (2018)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-30
    Print ISSN: 2470-0010
    Electronic ISSN: 2470-0029
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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  • 10
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    Seismic Noise by Wind Farms: A Case Study from the Virgo Gravitational Wave Observatory, Italy (2011)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-01
    Description: We present analyses of the noise wave field in the vicinity of Virgo, the Italian-French gravitational wave observatory located close to Pisa, Italy, with special reference to the vibrations induced by a nearby wind farm. The spectral contribution of the wind turbines is investigated using (1) onsite measurements, (2) correlation of spectral amplitudes with wind speed, (3) directional properties determined via multichannel measurements, and (4) attenuation of signal amplitude with distance. Among the different spectral peaks thus discriminated, the one at frequency 1.7 Hz is associated with the greatest power, and under particular conditions it can be observed at distances as large as 11 km from the wind farm. The spatial decay of amplitudes exhibits a complicated pattern, which we interpret in terms of the combination of direct surface waves and body waves refracted at a deep ({approx}800 m) interface between the Plio-Pleistocenic marine, fluvial, and lacustrine sediments and the Miocene carbonate basement. We develop a model for wave attenuation that allows determining the amplitude of the radiation from individual turbines, which is estimated on the order of [IMG]/medium/568eq1.gif" ALT="Formula "〉 for wind speeds over the 8-14 m/s range. On the basis of this model, we then develop a predictive relationship for assessing the possible impact of future wind farm projects.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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