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  • 1
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    Unknown
    Seawater carbonate chemistry dataset collected during the Tara Pacific Expedition 2016-2018 (2022)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-27
    Description: The Tara Pacific expedition (2016-2018) sampled coral ecosystems around 32 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and sampled the surface of oceanic waters at 249 locations, resulting in the collection of nearly 58,000 samples. The expedition was designed to systematically study corals, fish, plankton, and seawater, and included the collection of samples for advanced biogeochemical, molecular, and imaging analysis. Here we provide results of carbonate chemistry for seawater samples collected during the expedition at the offshore and inshore sampling stations as well as at coral sampling sites (a few meters from studied colonies). The sampling protocol was described by Gorsky et al. (2019). Briefly, unfiltered seawater was collected once a week during the cruise and poisoned with Hg2Cl2 before to be stored on TARA board (356 samples). Like for TARA-Ocean expedition (Picheral et al, 2014) Total Alkalinity (TA) and Total Inorganic Carbon (TC) were measured at the SNAPO-CO2 facility at LOCEAN laboratory (Paris, France) and analyzed simultaneously by potentiometric titration derived from the method developed by Edmond (1970) using a closed cell. Calibrated Certified Reference Material (CRM, Dickson et al, 2007) were regularly analyzed (CRM Batches 155, 173 and 182). Analytical accuracy of the TA and TC concentrations is ±3 µmol.kg-1. Additional parameters of the carbonate system were calculated with CO2SYS.m v3.1.1 (Feb 2021: https://github.com/jonathansharp/CO2-System-Extd) using measured TA-TC data, in-situ seawater salinity and temperature measured at each seawater sampling, and local phosphate and silicate concentrations as inputs.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Carbon, inorganic, total; Carbonate chemistry; Carbonate ion; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, partial pressure; Comment; Depth, bottom/max; Depth, top/min; DEPTH, water; Determined potentiometrically (Edmond 1970); DOLPHIN-CARBOY; Environmental feature; Event label; Fondation Tara Expeditions; FondTara; Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater; Hydrogen ion concentration; Hydroxide ion; OA000-I01-S02; OA000-I01-S03; OA000-I02-S03; OA000-I04-S01; OA000-I04-S04; OA000-I05-S02; OA000-I06-S02; OA000-I07-S01; OA000-I07-S02; OA000-I07-S03; OA000-I07-S04; OA000-I08-S01; OA000-I08-S02; OA000-I08-S03; OA000-I09-S01; OA000-I09-S02; OA000-I09-S03; OA000-I10-S01; OA000-I10-S02; OA000-I10-S03; OA000-I10-S05; OA000-I11-S01; OA000-I12-S01; OA000-I12-S02; OA000-I12-S03; OA000-I13-S01; OA000-I13-S02; OA000-I13-S03; OA000-I14-S01; OA000-I14-S02; OA000-I14-S03; OA000-I15-S01; OA000-I15-S02; OA000-I15-S03; OA000-I16-S01; OA000-I16-S02; OA000-I16-S03; OA000-I17-S01; OA000-I17-S02; OA000-I17-S03; OA000-I18-S01; OA000-I18-S02; OA000-I18-S03; OA000-I19-S01; OA000-I19-S02; OA000-I19-S03; OA000-I19-S04; OA000-I20-S01; OA000-I20-S02; OA000-I20-S03; OA000-I21-S01; OA000-I21-S02; OA000-I21-S03; OA000-I22-S01; OA000-I22-S02; OA000-I22-S03; OA000-I23-S01; OA000-I23-S02; OA000-I23-S03; OA000-I23-S14; OA000-I24-S01; OA000-I24-S02; OA000-I24-S03; OA000-I25-S01; OA000-I25-S02; OA000-I25-S03; OA000-I25-S04; OA000-I25-S05; OA000-I26-S01; OA000-I26-S02; OA000-I26-S03; OA000-I27-S01; OA000-I27-S02; OA000-I28-S01; OA000-I28-S02; OA000-I28-S03; OA000-I29-S01; OA000-I29-S02; OA000-I29-S03; OA000-I30-S01; OA000-I30-S02; OA000-I30-S03; OA000-I31-S01; OA000-I31-S02; OA000-I31-S03; OA000-I31-S04; OA000-I32-S01; OA000-I32-S02; OA000-I32-S03; OA000-I32-S04; OA000-TS5-S11; OA000-TS5-S12; OA000-TS5-S21; OA000-TS5-S22; OA000-TS5-S31; OA000-TS5-S51; OA003-I00-S00; OA008-I00-S00; OA014-I00-S00; OA020-I00-S00; OA027-I00-S00; OA028-I00-S00; OA031-I00-S00; OA036-I00-S00; OA042-I04-S00; OA044-I04-S00; OA048-I05-S00; OA050-I05-S00; OA054-I06-S00; OA058-I00-S00; OA060-I07-S00; OA072-I11-S00; OA080-I13-S00; OA090-I14-S00; OA092-I15-S00; OA094-I00-S00; OA096-I00-S00; OA100-I00-S00; OA106-I00-S00; OA115-I00-S00; OA122-I00-S00; OA140-I19-S00; OA154-I00-S00; OA157-I23-S00; OA159-I23-S00; OA167-I26-S00; OA169-I00-S00; OA173-I00-S00; OA179-I00-S00; OA185-I00-S00; OA190-I29-S00; OA191-I29-S00; OA197-I00-S00; OA205-I00-S00; OA210-I00-S00; OA213-I00-S00; OA218-I00-S00; OA224-I00-S00; OA230-I32-S00; OA233-I00-S00; OA234-I00-S00; OA238-I00-S00; OA239-I00-S00; OA243-I00-S00; OA245-I00-S00; Pacific; Pacific Ocean; pH; Quality assurance; Sample code/label; Sample comment; Sample ID; SCUBA-CORER; SCUBA-PUMP; surface seawater; SV Tara; TARA_20160531T1315Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160607T1623Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160614T1233Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160621T1258Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160706T1359Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160712T1528Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160718T1408Z_D_C-CSW-C010_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20160723T1328Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20160723T1521Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20160725T1541Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20160818T1624Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160824T1457Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160831T0157Z_N_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160903T1525Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20160903T2124Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20160907T1436Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20160908T0406Z_N_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160912T1456Z_D_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160914T2212Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20160917T2135Z_D_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160921T0519Z_N_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20160923T1734Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20161001T1627Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20161106T1906Z_D_C-CSW-C010_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161107T0110Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161107T2012Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161108T0232Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20161108T1925Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161108T1945Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161109T0226Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20161110T0116Z_D_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20161114T0030Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161114T0050Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20161115T1850Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161116T0006Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161116T1630Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161117T0042Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161122T0313Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20161122T2010Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161123T0130Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161123T1932Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161124T0121Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161124T0200Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20161124T1955Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161125T0234Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161129T1931Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20161130T1907Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161130T2311Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161201T1843Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161201T2313Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161202T1858Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161203T0000Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161204T1621Z_D_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20161218T0300Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20161230T2017Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20161231T0209Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20161231T2059Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170101T0204Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170101T1947Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170102T0300Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170106T0855Z_N_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170107T2127Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170108T0158Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170108T2224Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170109T0210Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170109T1929Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170109T2200Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20170110T0200Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170118T2148Z_D_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170121T0000Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170121T0142Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170121T2110Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170122T0000Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170122T0003Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20170122T2306Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170123T0132Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170126T2109Z_D_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170128T2158Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170129T0015Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170129T0045Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20170129T2209Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170130T0036Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170130T2216Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170131T0052Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170205T1106Z_N_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170208T2319Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170209T0209Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170209T2320Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170210T0210Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20170210T0235Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170210T2330Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170211T0130Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170215T2242Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170328T0735Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170329T0753Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170402T0559Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170403T0610Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170406T0610Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170412T0103Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170413T0000Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170413T0225Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170414T0130Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170414T0634Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170415T0035Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170415T0558Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170502T2350Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170508T2312Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170517T2237Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170524T2111Z_D_O-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170602T0210Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170602T2000Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20170602T2003Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170604T2333Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170605T0252Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170606T0040Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170606T0300Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170828T2214Z_D_I-SRF_DOLPHIN-CARBOY; TARA_20170830T0444Z_D_C-COL_SCUBA-CORER; TARA_20170830T2214Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170831T0424Z_D_S-SRF_ZODIAC-PUMP; TARA_20170901T2105Z_D_C-CSW-C001_SCUBA-PUMP; TARA_20170901T2255Z_D_S-
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 11038 data points
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Seawater carbonate chemistry and skeletal isotopic composition and calcifying fuid composition in co-occurring Porites and Diploastrea specimens across the Pacifc ocean (2024)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-07
    Description: The Tara Pacifc expedition (2016–2018) provided an opportunity to investigate calcifcation patterns in extant corals throughout thePacifc Ocean. Cores from colonies of the massive Porites and Diploastrea genera were collected fromdiferent environments to assess calcifcation parameters of long-lived reef-building corals. In this study, we compared the calcifcation and carbonate chemistryup-regulation of Diploastrea heliopora and Porites corals from across a range of environments. To this, we analyzed the skeletal geochemistry and growth parameters of 39 colonies of Porites (n=33) and Diploastrea (n=6) collected across the tropical Pacifc Ocean during the Tara Pacifc expedition (2016–2018). Te collected corals represent a suite of cores exposed to various hydrological conditions of seawater temperature (SST: 22.4–29.8 °C), salinity (SSS: 31.5–36.1), and carbonate chemistry (total scale pHsw: 8.01–8.09). Te average chemical composition of the calcifying fuid (pHcf, [CO32−]cf, DICcf, Ωcf) was derived from paired boron isotope (δ11B) and B/Ca analyses of core-top samples corresponding to the last 6 years of growth (2010–2016). Based on these data, we assessed the impact of the ambient seawater properties (SST, salinity, carbonate chemistry) on the cf composition of these slow-growing reef-building genera at the Pacifc basin scale.
    Keywords: Abaiang_Kiribati; Acid-base regulation; Aitutaki_Cook_New_Zeland; Alkalinity, total; Anakena_Isla_de_Pascua_Chile; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Boron/Calcium ratio; Calcification/Dissolution; Calcification rate; Calcifying fluid, aragonite saturation state; Calcifying fluid, carbonate ion; Calcifying fluid, dissolved inorganic carbon; Calcifying fluid, pH; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Clipperton_France; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Coiba_Panama; CSR_11_Wallis_France; Date/Time of event; Density; DEPTH, water; Diploastrea heliopora; E_Vangunu_Salomon; Event label; Field observation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Green_Island_Taiwan; Growth/Morphology; Guam_USA; Helen_Reef_Palau_1; Helen_Reef_Palau_2; Heron_S_GBR_Australia; Identification; Kimbe_Hoskins_District_PNG; Koror_Palau; LATITUDE; Linear extension; Location; LONGITUDE; Losuia_Tabungora_Island_PNG; Moorea_French_Polynesia_1; Moorea_French_Polynesia_2; Motu_Taka_Rua_Isla_de_Pascua_Chile; N_Hoskins_District_PNG; North_Palau; North Pacific; Noumea_Lagoon_New_Caledonia; NW_Fiji; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Ogasawara_Japan; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Pisinun_Chuuk_Micronesia; Porites sp.; Potentiometric titration; S_Niue_New_Zeland; Salinity; Sample ID; Secas_islands_Panama; Sesoko_Okinawa_Japan; Single species; South Pacific; Species; SW_Cockatoo_Reef_GBR_Australia; Tekava_Gambier_French_Polynesia; Temperate; Temperature, water; Tropical; Type of study; Upolu_Samoa; W_Niue_New_Zeland; δ11B
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1532 data points
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  • 3
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    Unknown
    Ocean carbonate system variability in the North Atlantic Subpolar surface water (1993–2017) (2020)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-14
    Description: The North Atlantic is one of the major ocean sinks for natural and anthropogenic atmospheric CO2. Given the variability of the circulation, convective processes or warming–cooling recognized in the high latitudes in this region, a better understanding of the CO2 sink temporal variability and associated acidification needs a close inspection of seasonal, interannual to multidecadal observations. In this study, we investigate the evolution of CO2 uptake and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (50–64∘ N) using repeated observations collected over the last 3 decades in the framework of the long-term monitoring program SURATLANT (SURveillance de l'ATLANTique). Over the full period (1993–2017) pH decreases (−0.0017 yr−1) and fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) increases (+1.70 µatm yr−1). The trend of fCO2 in surface water is slightly less than the atmospheric rate (+1.96 µatm yr−1). This is mainly due to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) increase associated with the anthropogenic signal. However, over shorter periods (4–10 years) and depending on the season, we detect significant variability investigated in more detail in this study. Data obtained between 1993 and 1997 suggest a rapid increase in fCO2 in summer (up to +14 µatm yr−1) that was driven by a significant warming and an increase in DIC for a short period. Similar fCO2 trends are observed between 2001 and 2007 during both summer and winter, but, without significant warming detected, these trends are mainly explained by an increase in DIC and a decrease in alkalinity. This also leads to a pH decrease but with contrasting trends depending on the region and season (between −0.006 and −0.013 yr−1). Conversely, data obtained during the last decade (2008–2017) in summer show a cooling of surface waters and an increase in alkalinity, leading to a strong decrease in surface fCO2 (between −4.4 and −2.3 µatm yr−1; i.e., the ocean CO2 sink increases). Surprisingly, during summer, pH increases up to +0.0052 yr−1 in the southern subpolar gyre. Overall, our results show that, in addition to the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2, the temporal changes in the uptake of CO2 and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre present significant multiannual variability, not clearly directly associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). With such variability it is uncertain to predict the near-future evolution of air–sea CO2 fluxes and pH in this region. Thus, it is highly recommended to maintain long-term observations to monitor these properties in the next decade.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 4
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    Unknown
    Carbonate system distribution, anthropogenic carbon and acidification in the western tropical South Pacific (OUTPACE 2015 transect) (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-29
    Description: The western tropical South Pacific was sampled along a longitudinal 4000 km transect (OUTPACE cruise, 18 February, 3 April 2015) for the measurement of carbonate parameters (total alkalinity and total inorganic carbon) between the Melanesian Archipelago (MA) and the western part of the South Pacific gyre (WGY). This paper reports this new dataset and derived properties: pH on the total scale (pHT) and the CaCO3 saturation state with respect to aragonite (Ωara). We also estimate anthropogenic carbon (CANT) distribution in the water column using the TrOCA method (Tracer combining Oxygen, inorganic Carbon and total Alkalinity). Along the OUTPACE transect a deeper penetration of CANT in the intermediate waters was observed in the MA, whereas highest CANT concentrations were detected in the subsurface waters of the WGY. By combining our OUTPACE dataset with data available in GLODAPv2 (1974–2009), temporal changes in oceanic inorganic carbon were evaluated. An increase of 1.3 to 1.6 µmol kg−1 a−1 for total inorganic carbon in the upper thermocline waters is estimated, whereas CANT increases by 1.1 to 1.2 µmol kg−1 a−1. In the MA intermediate waters (27 kg m−3 
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 5
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    Unknown
    SURATLANT: a 1993–2017 surface sampling in the central part of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-18
    Description: This paper presents the SURATLANT data set (SURveillance ATLANTique). It consists of individual data of temperature, salinity, parameters of the carbonate system, nutrients, and water stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) collected mostly from ships of opportunity since 1993 along transects between Iceland and Newfoundland (https://doi.org/10.17882/54517). We discuss how the data are validated and qualified, their accuracy, and the overall characteristics of the data set. The data are used to reconstruct seasonal cycles and interannual anomalies, in particular of sea surface salinity (SSS); inorganic nutrients; dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC); and its isotopic composition δ13CDIC, total alkalinity (At), and water isotope concentrations. Derived parameters such as fCO2 and pH are also estimated. The relation between salinity and At is estimated from these data to investigate the possibility to replace missing At when estimating other parameters of the carbonate system. When examining the average seasonal cycle in the deep ocean, in both these data with other climatologies, we find a period of small seasonal change between January and late April. On the Newfoundland shelf and continental slope, changes related with spring stratification and blooms occur earlier. The data were collected in a period of multi-decennial variability associated with the Atlantic multi-decadal variability with warming between 1994 and 2004–2007, and with the recent cooling having peaked in 2014–2016. We also observe strong salinification in 2004–2009 and fresher waters in 1994–1995 as well as since 2010 south of 54° N and in 2016–2017 north of 54° N. Indication of multi-decadal variability is also suggested by other variables, such as phosphate or DIC, but cannot be well resolved seasonally with the discrete sampling and in the presence of interannual variability. As a whole, over the 24 years, the ocean fCO2 trend (+1.9 µatm yr−1) is close to the atmospheric trend and associated with an increase in DIC (+0.77 µmol kg−1 yr−1). The data also revealed a canonical pH decrease of −0.0021 yr−1. There is also a decrease in δ13CDIC between 2005 and 2017 (in winter, −0.014 ‰ yr−1, but larger in summer, −0.042 ‰ yr−1), suggesting a significant anthropogenic carbon signal at play together with other processes (mixing, biological activity).
    Print ISSN: 1866-3508
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-3516
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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    Ocean carbonate system variability in the North Atlantic Subpolar surface water (1993–2017) (2019)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-05
    Description: The North Atlantic is one of the major sinks for anthropogenic CO2. In this study, we investigate the evolution of CO2 uptake and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (50° N–64° N) using repeated observations collected over the last three decades in the framework of the long-term monitoring program SURATLANT (SURveillance de l'ATLANTique). Data obtained between 1993 and 1997 suggest an important reduction in the capacity of the ocean to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere during summer, due to a rapid increase in the fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) in surface waters (5 times faster than the increase in the atmosphere). This was associated with a rapid decrease in surface pH (of the order of −0.014/yr) and was mainly driven by a significant warming and increase in DIC. Similar trends are observed between 2001 and 2007 during both summer and winter with a mean decrease of pH between −0.006/yr and −0.013/yr. These rapid trends are mainly explained by a significant warming of surface waters, a decrease in alkalinity during summer and an increase in DIC during winter. On the contrary, data obtained during the last decade (2008–2017) show a stagnation of surface fCO2 (increasing the ocean sink for CO2) and pH. These recent trends are explained by the cooling of surface waters, a small decrease of total alkalinity and the near-stagnation of dissolved inorganic carbon. Overall our results show that the uptake of CO2 and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre is substantially impacted by multi-decadal variability, in addition to the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2. As a consequence, the future evolution of air-sea CO2 fluxes, pH and the saturation state of surface waters with regards to aragonite and calcite remain highly uncertain in this region.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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    SURATLANT: a 1993–2017 surface sampling in the central part of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-24
    Description: This paper presents the SURATLANT dataset (SURveillance ATLANTique), consisting of individual data of temperature, salinity, parameters of the carbonate system, nutrients and water stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) collected mostly from ships of opportunity since 1993 along transects between Iceland and Newfoundland (https://doi.org/10.17882/54517). We discuss how the data are validated, qualified, their accuracy and the overall characteristics of the data set. The data are used to reconstruct seasonal cycles and interannual anomalies, in particular of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS), inorganic nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and its isotopic composition δ13CDIC, total alkalinity (At), and water isotope concentrations. Derived parameters, such as fCO2 and pH are also estimated. The relation between salinity and At is estimated in these data to investigate the possibility to replace missing At when estimating other parameters of the carbonate system. We compare the seasonal cycle derived from these data with other climatologies. We find a period of small seasonal change between January and late April, except on the Newfoundland shelf/continental slope, when changes related with spring-stratification and blooms occur earlier. The data were collected in a period of multi-decennial variability associated with the Atlantic meridional oscillation with warming between 1994 and 2004–2007, and the recent cooling having peaked in 2014–2016. We also observe strong salinification in 2004–2009 and fresher waters in 1994–1995 as well as since 2010 south of 54°N and in 2016–2017 north of 54°N. Indication of multi-decadal variability is also suggested by other variables, such as phosphate or DIC, but cannot be well resolved seasonally with the discrete sampling and in the presence of interannual variability. As a whole, over the 24 years ocean fCO2 trend (+1.9µatmyr-1) is close to the atmospheric trend and associated with an increase in DIC (+0.70μmolkg-1yr-1). The data also revealed a "canonical" pH decrease of −0.002yr-1. There is also a decrease in δ13CDIC between 2005 and 2017 (in winter, −0.015‰yr-1, but larger in summer, −0.042‰yr-1), suggesting significant anthropogenic carbon signal at play together with other processes (mixing, biological activity).
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-3591
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Carbonate system distribution, anthropogenic carbon and acidification in the Western Tropical South Pacific (OUTPACE 2015 transect) (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-17
    Description: The western tropical South Pacific was sampled along a longitudinal 4000 km transect (OUTPACE cruise, 18 Feb., 3 Apr. 2015) for measurement of carbonates parameters (total alkalinity and total inorganic carbon) between the Melanesian Archipelago (MA) and the western part of the South Pacific gyre (WGY). This manuscript reports this new dataset and derived properties: pH on the total scale (pHT) and the CaCO3 saturation state with respect to calcite (Ωcal) and aragonite (Ωara). We also estimate anthropogenic carbon (CANT) distribution in the water column using the TrOCA method (Tracer combining Oxygen, inorganic Carbon and total Alkalinity). Along the OUTPACE transect, CANT inventories of 37–43molm−2 were estimated with higher CANT inventories in MA waters (due to a deeper penetration of CANT in the intermediate waters) than in the WGY waters although highest CANT concentrations were detected in the sub-surface waters of WGY. By combining our OUTPACE dataset with data available in GLODAPv2 (1974–2009), temporal changes in oceanic inorganic carbon were evaluated. An increase of 1.3 to 1.6µmolkg−1a−1 for total inorganic carbon in the upper thermocline waters is estimated whereas CANT increases of 1.1 to 1.2µmolkg−1a−1. In the MA intermediate waters (27kgm−3 〈 σθ 〈 27.2kgm−3) an increase of 0.4µmolkg−1a−1 of CANT is detected. Our results suggest a clear progression of ocean acidification in the western tropical South Pacific with a decrease of the oceanic pH of up to −0.0027a−1 and a shoaling of the saturation depth for aragonite of up to 200m since the pre-industrial period.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    Variability and stability of anthropogenic CO2 in Antarctic Bottom Water observed in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, 1978–2018 (2020)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is known as a long-term sink for anthropogenic CO2 (Cant), but the sink is hardly quantified because of the scarcity of observations, specifically at an interannual scale. We present in this paper an original dataset combining 40 years of carbonate system observations in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (Enderby Basin) to evaluate and interpret the interannual variability of Cant in the AABW. This investigation is based on regular observations collected at the same location (63∘ E–56.5∘ S) in the framework of the French observatory OISO from 1998 to 2018 extended by GEOSECS and INDIGO observations (1978, 1985 and 1987). At this location the main sources of AABW sampled is the low-salinity Cape Darnley Bottom Water (CDBW) and the Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW). Our calculations reveal that Cant concentrations increased significantly in the AABW, from an average concentration of 7 µmol kg−1 calculated for the period 1978–1987 to an average concentration of 13 µmol kg−1 for the period 2010–2018. This is comparable to previous estimates in other Southern Ocean (SO) basins, with the exception of bottom water close to formation sites where Cant concentrations are about twice as large. Our analysis shows that total carbon (CT) and Cant increasing rates in the AABW are about the same over the period 1978–2018, and we conclude that the long-term change in CT is mainly due to the uptake of Cant in the different formation regions. This is, however, modulated by significant interannual to multi-annual variability associated with variations in hydrographic (potential temperature, Θ; salinity, S) and biogeochemical (CT; total alkalinity, AT; dissolved oxygen, O2) properties. A surprising result is the apparent stability of Cant concentrations in recent years despite the increase in CT and the gradual acceleration of atmospheric CO2. The interannual variability at play in AABW needs to be carefully considered in the extrapolated estimation of Cant sequestration based on sparse observations over several years.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0784
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0792
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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    Distribution and long-term change of the sea surface carbonate system in the Mozambique Channel (1963–2019) (2021)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0967-0645
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0100
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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