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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of nitrogen on atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mineralization in grassland soils (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Grassland soils ; Microbial biomass ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Atrazine ; 2,4-D ; Radiometric techniques ; Herbicide mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fertilizer N on the mineralization of atrazine [2-chloro-4(ethylamino)-6(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in soils was assessed in microcosms using radiometric techniques. N equivalent to 0, 250, and 500 kg N as NH4NO3 ha-1 was added to three grassland soils. Compared to the control, the 250- and 500-kg treatments suppressed mineralization of atrazine by 75 and 54%, respectively, and inhibited mineralization of 2,4-D by 89 and 30%, respectively. Active fungal biomass responded to the N treatments in an opposite manner to herbicide mineralization. Compared to the control, the 250- and 500-kg treatments increased the active fungal biomass by more than 300 and 30%, respectively. These results agree with other observations that N can suppress the decomposition of resistant compounds but stimulate the primary growth of fungi. The degree of suppression was not related to the amount of N added nor to the inherent soil N levels before treatment. The interaction between the N additions and the active fungal biomass in affecting herbicide mineralization suggests that N may alter microbial processes and their use of C sources and thus influence rates of herbicide degradation in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361404
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of wheel traffic and tillage on microbial biomass, residue decomposition and extractable nutrients in a Coastal Plain Soil (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compaction ; microbial biomass ; nutrient availability ; residue decomposition ; tillage ; traffic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The interactive effects of tillage and compaction from wheel traffic were tested on active bacterial and fungal biomass and organic matter decomposition in the planting row at the surface and within the plow layer of a Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult). This experiment was arranged in a split plot design with four replications. Main plots were compaction: 1) compaction from wheel traffic and 2) no compaction from wheel traffic; subplots were tilalge system: 1) conventional tillage and 2) no-tillage. Despite a significant increase in bulk density, compaction from wheel traffic and tillage system had no consistent effects on active bacterial or active fungal biomass either in the top 7.5 cm of soil or in the 15–20 cm depth of soil. Active bacteria and fungal biomass at both depths were usually lower in the winter months than the spring, summer or autumn months. Organic matter decomposition, nutrient mineralization and nutrient availability did not differ among soils that received tillage or compaction from wheel traffic. Organic matter decomposition was greater in all treatments when decomposition bags were buried at 15–20 cm than when they were placed on the surface of the soil. The soil that was sampled was an extremely sandy soil so there was probably not a significant effect of compaction on soil aeration and structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015419
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemistry and microbial activity of forest and pasture riparian-zone soils along three Pacific Northwest streams (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 190 (1997), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: denitrification ; microbial biomass ; riparian soils ; soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Throughout the United States, agricultural practices are responsible for large quantities of nutrients entering lakes and streams. Previous studies have shown that forested riparian areas can filter nutrients from surface runoff and groundwater that may potentially contaminate lakes and streams. This study examined seasonal differences in soil chemistry and soil microorganisms in paired mixed-forest riparian and pasture systems, the aim being to gain understanding of the sequestering of N and P. The forest soils retained higher levels of organic C and N, mineralizable N, extractable P, and fungal biomass, and had higher respiration rates than pasture soils. These findings suggest that forested riparian zones have a greater capacity than pasture soils to sequester C and retain nutrients. In past studies, fungal biomass has been shown to be less than bacterial biomass in grassland soils, but in this study, fungal biomass was greater than bacterial biomass throughout the year in both forest and pasture soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004211121095
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of compaction from wheel traffic and tillage on arbuscular mycorrhizae infection and nutrient uptake by Zea mays (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizae ; compaction ; tillage ; nutrient concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interactive effects of seven years of compaction due to wheel traffic and tillage on root density, formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae, above-ground biomass, nutrient uptake and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) were measured on a coastal plain soil in eastern Alabama, USA. Tillage and soil compaction treatments initiated in 1987 were: 1) soil compaction from tractor traffic with conventional tillage (C,CT), 2) no soil compaction from tractor traffic with conventional tillage (NC,CT), 3) soil compaction from tractor traffic with no-tillage (C,NT), and, 4) no soil compaction from tractor traffic with no-tillage (NC,NT). The study was arranged as a split plot design with compaction from wheel traffic as main plots and tillage as subplots. The experiment had four replications. In May (49 days after planting) and June, (79 days after planting), root biomass and root biomass infected with arbuscular mycorrhizae was higher in treatments that received the NC,NT treatment than the other three treatments. In June and July (109 days after planting), corn plants that received C,CT treatment had less above-ground biomass, root biomass and root biomass infected with mycorrhizae than the other three treatments. Within compacted treatments, plants that received no-tillage had greater root biomass and root biomass infected with mycorrhizae in May and June than plants that received conventional tillage. Corn plants in no-tillage treatments had higher root biomass and root biomass infected with mycorrhizae than those in conventional tillage. After 7 years of treatment on a sandy Southeastern soil, the interactive effects of tillage and compaction from wheel traffic reduced root biomass and root biomass infected with mycorrhizae but did not affect plant nutrient concentration and yield. ei]J H Graham
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015420
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of CO2 enrichment and nitrogen fertilization on tissue chemistry and carbon allocation in longleaf pine seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; carbon concentrations ; carbon fractions ; Pinus palustris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One-year old, nursery-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings were grown in 45-L pots containing a coarse sandy medium and were exposed to two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (365 or 720 μmol-1) and two levels of nitrogen (N) fertility (40 or 400 kg N ha-1 yr-1) within open top chambers for 20 months. At harvest, needles, stems, coarse roots, and fine roots were separated and weighed. Subsamples of each tissue were frozen in liquid N, lyophilized at -50°C, and ground to pass a 0.2 mm sieve. Tissue samples were analyzed for carbon (C), N, nonpolar extractives (fats, waxes, and oils = FWO), nonstructural carbohydrates (total sugars and starch), and structural carbohydrates (cellulose, lignin, and tannins). Increased dry weights of each tissue were observed under elevated CO2 and with high N; however, main effects of CO2 were significant only on belowground tissues. The high N fertility tended to result in increased partitioning of biomass aboveground, resulting in significantly lower root to shoot ratios. Elevated CO2 did not affect biomass allocation among tissues. Both atmospheric CO2 and N fertility tended to affect concentration of C compounds in belowground, more than aboveground, tissues. Elevated CO2 resulted in lower concentrations of starch, cellulose, and lignin, but increased concentrations of FWO in root tissues. High N fertility increased the concentration of starch, cellulose, and tannins, but resulted in lower concentrations of lignin and FWO in roots. Differences between CO2 concentrations tended to occur only with high N fertility. Atmospheric CO2 did not affect allocation patterns for any compound; however the high N treatment tended to result in a lower percentage of sugars, cellulose, and lignin belowground.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004305320030
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with low concentrations of radionuclides (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 88 (1996), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ecosystems throughout the world have been contaminated with radionuclides by above-ground nuclear testing, nuclear reactor accidents and nuclear power generation. Radioisotopes characteristic of nuclear fission, such as 137Cs and 90Sr, that are released into the environment can become more concentrated as they move up the food chain often becoming human health hazards. Natural environmental processes will redistribute long lived radionuclides that are released into the environment among soil, plants and wildlife. Numerous studies have shown that 137 Cs and 90Sr are not removed from the top 0.4 meters of soil even under high rainfall, and migration rate from the top few centimeters of soil is slow. The top 0.4 meters of the soil is where plant roots actively accumulate elements. Since plants are known to take up and accumulate 137 Cs and 90Sr removal of these radionuclides from contaminated soils by plants could provide a reliable and economical method of remediation. One approach is to use fast growing plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi combined with soil organic amendments to maximize the plant accumulation and removal of radionuclides from contaminated soils, followed by harvest of above-ground portion of the plants. High temperature combustion would be used to oxidize plant material concentrating 137 Cs and 90Sr, in ash for disposal. When areas of land have been contaminated with radionuclides are large, using energy intensive engineering solutions to remediate huge volumes of soil is not feasible or economical. Plants are proposed as a viable and cost effective method to remove radionuclides from the soils that have been contaminated by nuclear testing and nuclear reactor accidents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157420
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential Remediation of 137Cs and90 Sr Contaminated Soil by Accumulation in Alamo Switchgrass (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 339-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phytoremediation ; radionuclides ; switchgrass ; 137Cs ; 90Sr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cesium-137 (137Cs) and Strontium-90 (90Sr) are radionuclides characteristic of nuclear fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear reactor accidents. Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virginatum L.) is a perennial C4 species native to central North America that produces exceptionally high biomass yields in short periods of time. In three separate experiments, Alamo switchgrass plants were tested for their ability to accumulate 137 Cs and90 Sr from a contaminated growth medium. Plants in experiment 1 were grown in 33 × 20 × 7 cm plastic pans containing 2.5 kg sand. Plants in experiments 2 and 3 were grown in 30 × 3 cm diameter test tubes containing 0.3 kg growth medium. After 3 months of plant growth, either 102 Bq 137Cs or 73 Bq90 Sr g−1 soil were added to the growth medium. Plants in all three experiments were grown within a greenhouse that was maintained at 22 ± 2 °C with a photosynthetic active radiation of 400–700 µmol m−2 s−1 and a 14–16 h photoperiod. Above-ground plant biomass did not differ between plants that were not exposed to these radionuclides (controls) and those that were exposed to growth medium containing 137Cs or90 Sr over the course of the experiment. Plants accumulated 44 and 36% of the total amount of 90Sr and137 Cs added to growth medium after the first 5 harvests. After the first two harvests, the concentration of 137Cs and90 Sr in plant tissue and the amount of 137Cs or90 Sr removed from growth medium declined with each successive harvest. Duration of exposure correlated curvilinearly with accumulation of both 90Sr and 137Cs by plants (r2 = 0.95 and 0.78, respectively). As concentration of both 137Cs and 90Sr in growth medium increased, plant accumulation of both radionuclides increased and correlated curvilinearly in seedlings (r2 = 0.83 and 0.89 respectively).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004994123880
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  • 8
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    Sequestration of 137Cs and 90Sr from soil by seedlings of Eucalyptustereticotnis (1995)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-06-01
    Description: The ability of seedlings of Eucalyptustereticornis Smith to accumulate 137Cs and 90Sr, characteristic radioisotopes of nuclear fallout, from contaminated growth medium was tested. All seedlings were grown for 3 months in 165 cm3 of sphagnum peat moss–perlite (1:1 v/v) in a growth chamber before treatment with an isotope. After 1 month of exposure, seedlings had accumulated 31.0% of the 137Cs and 11.3% of the 90Sr originally present in the growth medium, with bioconcentration ratios of 54:1 for 137Cs and 13:1 for 90Sr. Accumulation of 137Cs and 90Sr in plant tissue was correlated curvilinearly with increasing time of exposure and with increasing concentration of radioisotope in the growth medium. Because seedlings of E. tereticornis accumulate these radioisotopes rapidly, they may be valuable in remediation of contaminated soils.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 9
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    Effect of timber harvesting on microbial biomass fluxes in a northern Rocky Mountain forest soil (1986)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-10-01
    Description: Microbial biomass and relative bacterial and fungal percentages were measured in organic forest soil from a Rocky Mountain site subjected to four harvesting treatments: RL, clear-cut and residue left; RR, clear-cut and residue removed; RB, clear-cut and residue burned; C, uncut control. Microbial biomass peaked in spring and fall regardless of treatment. Biomass in soil from the RB treatment was significantly (p 
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 10
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    The Influence of dairy manure on atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mineralization in pasture soils (1995)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-08-01
    Description: The influence of manure application to pasture soils on bacterial and fungal biomass and the atrazine (2 chloro-4 [ethylamino]-6[isopropylamino]-s-triazine) and 2,4-D (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) mineralization was assessed in microcosms using radiometric techniques. Additions of 5 tonnes manure ha−1 yr−1 were made to three pasture soils over 20 yr in western Oregon at a rate of 0.42 t ha−1 each month. No manure or fertilizer was added to control treatments. We found greater amounts of total fungal and bacterial biomass in soils that received added manure. There were no differences among active bacterial and fungal biomass between pasture soils that received manure application and pasture soils that received no manure. Greater amounts of atrazine and 2,4-D were mineralized when manure was applied than when soil received no manure or fertilizer. Greater amounts of atrazine and 2,4-D were mineralized in the spring than in summer, fall or winter. Results of this study indicate that the application of dairy manure to pasture soils will significantly increase herbicide degradation rates. Key words: Pasture soils, microbial biomass, manure application, atrazine, 2,4-D, herbicide mineralization
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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