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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator 6,7-epoxy-1-(p-ethylphenoxy)-3-ethyl-7-methylnonane (Ro 10-3108) in polluted water (1976)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 24 (1976), S. 637-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf60205a025
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-odour mediates parasitoid host handling and oviposition in an endophytic tritrophic system (2000)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 10 (2000), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. Hymenoptera – Lepidoptera –Cydia pomonella– codling moth – endophytic – oviposition behaviour – tritrophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. The final steps of a parasitoid host selection process, host handling and oviposition, might be affected by the habitat cues to which parasitoids are exposed, and not only by the host itself. The habitat-related factors promoting parasitoid host-handling and reproductive success were investigated in a laboratory colony of Hyssopus pallidus, a larval parasitoid of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, an important pest of apple. Parasitoid host handling was addressed in computer-monitored behavioural bioassays during 8 h. Naive females showed more intensive host handling behaviour (frequent host examination) when offered host larvae in combination with apple fruits or in combination with an artificial diet devoid of fruit material than when offered host larvae alone. The exposure of parasitoids to fresh apple during host handling resulted in an enhanced behavioural response equivalent to that one obtained by giving an oviposition experience prior to the bioassay. The progeny produced by parasitoids exposed to plant cues for 8 h was almost double that of parasitoids exposed to artificial diet or no cues. Parasitoids exposed to no cues produced the same amount of progeny than parasitoids exposed to apple cues only with an increased time of exposure (32 h). The data demonstrate that the odour emitted by the host-food plant represent not only a habitat location signal, but triggers and enhances parasitoid host handling behaviour and reproductive success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001821
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herbivore-induced emissions of maize volatiles repel the corn leaf aphid, shape Rhopalosiphum maidis (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 133-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum maidis ; Zea mays ; induced plant volatiles ; repellence ; (E)-β-farnesene ; alarm pheromone ; plant insect interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When maize plants, Zea mays L., are mechanically damaged and the damaged sites are treated with caterpillar regurgitant, the plants will release a specific blend of volatiles. It is known that these volatiles can be attractive to natural enemies of herbivores. We hypothesise that the plant volatiles constitute part of the induced plant defence and that herbivores will be affected by the odours as well. In laboratory and semi-field studies this hypothesis was tested for the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Rhynchota, Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae). In a Y-tube olfactometer significantly more aphids chose the odour of healthy, undamaged maize seedlings when tested against clean air or plants treated with regurgitant. Clean air was chosen more often when tested next to the odour of treated plants. This apparently repellent effect of the odour of treated plants was significant for winged aphids, but not for the wingless aphids. In field experiments aphids were released in the centre of circles of eight potted maize plants. Four plants in each circle were damaged and treated with caterpillar regurgitant while the other plants were left unharmed. At different intervals after aphid release, the number of aphids was counted on each plant. Significantly fewer winged and wingless aphids were found back on treated plants than on healthy plants. We suggest that herbivores may be repelled by the odours because they could indicate that: 1) the plant has initiated the production of toxic compounds; 2) potential competitors are present on the plant; 3) the plant is attractive to parasitoids and predators. Aphids may be particularly sensitive to induced maize volatiles because one of the major compounds emitted by the plant is (E)-β-farnesene, which is a common alarm pheromone for aphids. Collections and analyses of the odours emitted by crushed R. maidis confirmed that it too emits (E)-β-farnesene when stressed. The results are discussed in context of plant defence strategies and their possible exploitation for the control of pest insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003200108763
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instar-dependent hemocyte changes in shape Pieris brassicae after parasitization by shape Cotesia glomerata (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pieris brassicae ; Cotesia glomerata ; parasitoid ; hemocytes ; inhibition of encapsulation ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a parasitoid of early instar larvae of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Late instars of P. brassicae can more often overcome parasitization by hemocytic encapsulation of C. glomerata eggs. Short-term hemocyte responses to parasitization were examined in third and fourth instar larvae of P. brassicae. Total and differential hemocyte counts did not differ between parasitized and unparasitized host larvae. A rapid, but temporary decrease of total hemocyte as well as plasmatocyte numbers was observed immediately after oviposition. Numbers of hemocytes adhering to tissues were shown to be the same in untreated, wounded and parasitized P. brassicae larvae by tracing hemocytes with monoclonal antibodies as markers. The in vitro spreading ability of hemocytes from unparasitized third and fourth instar larvae was lower than that of the last instar's; parasitization, however, had no influence on hemocyte spreading. We therefore suggest that the higher parasitization success of C. glomerata in earlier instars of P. brassicae is mainly due to the low spreading ability of the hemocytes. Abbreviations: ACS – anticoagulant saline; BSA – bovine serum albumin; DABCO – 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2,2,2]-octane; DHC – differential hemocyte count; FITC – fluorescein isothiocyanate; GR – granular cells; LPS – lipopolysaccharide; mAb – monoclonal antibody; OE – oenocytoids; PL – plasmatocytes; PRO – prohemocytes; PS – Pieris saline; PVP – polyvinylpyrrolidone; TBS – tris-buffered saline; THC – total hemocyte count.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003256105692
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flight behavior of pre- and postdiapause apple blossom weevils in relation to ambient temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 97-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diapause ; flight behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003269621622
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host stage preference and sex allocation in Aenasius vexans, an encyrtid parasitoid of the cassava mealybug (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: parasitoid ; Aenasius vexans ; Encyrtidae ; sex allocation ; sex ratio ; preference ; host size ; koinobiont ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The solitary endoparasitoid Aenasius vexans Kerrich (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is used for augmentative releases against the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae), an important pest on cassava in South America. In light of the need for large numbers of high quality females, experiments were conducted on host stage suitability and sex allocation. In choice and no-choice experiments, individual female wasps were offered second and third instar, as well as adult, hosts. During the first five days after emergence, the wasps showed a steady increase in the number of hosts they successfully parasitised per day, but the respective secondary sex ratio for each instar remained constant. Parasitism was highest for third instar hosts in no-choice tests, while in choice tests parasitism was highest in both third instars and adults. The later the developmental stage of the host at oviposition, the faster the parasitoids developed and emerged, and for each host stage, the development time of males was shorter than for females. The sex ratio of the wasps emerging from hosts that were parasitised as second instars was strongly male-biased, while the apparently preferred later stages yielded significantly more females than males. Female and male A. vexans emerging from hosts parasitised at the third instar were significantly larger than for the other stages. This may explain the preference for the third instar as well as the female-biased sex ratio, as size is usually positively correlated with higher fitness, especially in females. The results suggest that third instar hosts are the most suitable for rearing high numbers of large females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004087228847
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spring behavioral patterns of the apple blossom weevil (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diel cycle ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual pairs of overwintered adult apple blossom weevils, Anthonomus pomorum (L.), confined with apple twigs under different ambient temperatures in the laboratory and on apple trees in the field, were observed through day and night for their spring activities. Flight behavior in relation to ambient temperature was also investigated under laboratory conditions using flight stands. Both sexes displayed predominantly nocturnal behavior patterns in both the laboratory and the field. Feeding, crawling, and mating activities increased following sunset in the field or onset of scotophase in the laboratory while resting occurred most frequently during daylight hours. Results of the laboratory experiments showed that temperature affected significantly the activity patterns. The diel pattern of activities became less distinctive at higher temperatures (above 15°C), and total activities in crawling, feeding, and mating were suppressed significantly at lower temperatures (below 5°C). Over 97% of the test weevils initiated take-off response from flight stands at 20°C within the 30 min trial period; however, flight initiation rarely occurred at temperatures 12°C or below. Overall, results of the laboratory and field experiments indicate that A. pomorum is a remarkably cold-adapted insect with ability to crawl, feed, and mate at a few degrees above freezing, a physiological attribute necessary for the exploitation of early stages of apple bud development in the cold early spring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333816
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-Derived Semiochemicals as Contact Host Location Stimuli for a Parasitoid of Leafminers (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2259-2273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Braconidae ; Pholetesor bicolor ; parasitoid ; semiochemicals ; ovipositional behavior ; leafminer ; host searching ; tritrophic interaction ; long-chain hydrocarbons ; squalene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We elucidated the source of chemical cues in a system where the host is concealed and the parasitoid has no direct contact with the host larvae or its frass. Behavioral bioassays with Pholetesor bicolor, a larval parasitoid of the apple leafminer, Phyllonorycter pomonella, showed that the herbivore-damaged leaf epidermis (mine) elicited ovipositional probing of parasitoid females. Probing on larvae or frass was seldom observed. Hexane extracts of mines elicited the same ovipositional probing behavior while no response was observed with hexane extracts of larvae or frass or with methanol and diethyl ether extracts. In addition, gas chromatographic analyses showed qualitatively and quantitatively different profiles of these three components of the host-plant complex. By far the highest quantities and also the highest number of compounds was recovered from mine extracts. Identified compounds in the mine included six alkanes (n-C 27 to n-C 33) and squalene (C30H50). A synthetic blend of the seven compounds was slightly less active in biotests than the equivalent natural blend, as shown by a time delay in female response. We conclude that this leafminer parasitoid does not rely on host-derived kairomones but instead uses plant-derived semiochemicals for host location and ovipositional probing behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005566508926
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heritability of flight distance for Cydia pomonella (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; flight distance ; dispersal ; flight mill ; heritability ; colonisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is considered to be rather sedentary, but some individuals undertake flights of several kilometres in the field. This paper investigates the genetic influence on this variability. The flight capacity was measured in the laboratory by a flight mill and its heritability was estimated for two different strains. The laboratory strain was kept for more than 45 generations and the field strain from Embrach (northern Switzerland) was recently collected in the field. The multiple-trait-restricted-maximum-likelihood method was used for the estimation of genetic variances and covariances. A mixed full-sib/half-sib design was applied for the field strain and a full-sib design for the laboratory strain. The heritability of total distance was 0.57 for the field strain and 0.37 for the laboratory strain (both sexes). In addition, a heritability of 0.38 for total distance was estimated by parent-offspring regression for the laboratory strain. All three values were significantly different from zero P〈0.05 and show that there is a significant additive genetic influence on flight capacity. The genetic correlations between total distance and other flight traits (total duration, flight velocity, longest flight) were between 0.84 and 1.00 for both strains and suggest that these traits actually belong to a single one. High genetic correlations were also found between total distance and the morphological traits body weight and wing length for the field strain, whereas a negative correlation was found between total flight distance and body weight for the laboratory strain. This difference between the two strains was interpreted as a possible trade-off between flight capacity and fecundity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003195424159
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexual dimorphism in the olfactory orientation of adult Cydia pomonella in response to α-farnesene (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; α-farnesene ; host plant finding ; sexual dimorphism ; mating status ; dose-response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of host plant-derived volatile substances on the behaviour of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is poorly understood. We tested the response of females and males to a range of α-farnesene dosages. Natural α-farnesene from apples contains the E,E and Z,E isomers in varying proportions. No difference in the response of C. pomonella to preparations containing two different proportions of the E,E and Z,E isomers was noted (77:20.7 or 1.2:84.7% E,E and Z,E isomers respectively), indicating a similar bioactivity of E,E and Z,E α-farnesene on codling moth. A marked sexual dimorphism was found to increasing dosages of α-farnesene. Females were attracted to low dosages (starting from 63.4 ng) and repelled by high dosages (ending at 12 688 ng). The dose response over this concentration range was linear with a negative slope. Both mated and virgin females responded similarly in kind but differently in degree, both attraction and repellency being more pronounced in mated females. Males were neither attracted nor repelled over a large dose range (63.4 to 12 688 ng) except the highest rate which was attractive. This indicates a stronger dependency of females on plant-derived volatiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003756428631
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