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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water Quality : An Introduction (2020)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Water. ; Hydrology. ; Freshwater ecology. ; Marine ecology. ; Water. ; Freshwater and Marine Ecology.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- 1.Physical Properties of Water -- 2.An Overview of Hydrology -- 3.Water Temperature -- 4.Dissolved Solids -- 5.Particulate Matter, Color, Turbidity, and Light -- 6.Dissolved Oxygen and Other Gases -- 7.Redox Potential -- 8.pH, Carbon Dioxide, and Alkalinity -- 9.Acidity -- 10.Total Hardness -- 11.Microorganisms, Macrophytes, and Water Quality -- 12.Nitrogen -- 13.Phosphorus -- 14.Eutrophication -- 15.Sulfur -- 16.Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements -- 17.Water Supply -- 18.Water Pollution -- 19.Water Quality Regulations.
    Abstract: This volume is of great importance to humans and other living organisms. The study of water quality draws information from a variety of disciplines including chemistry, biology, mathematics, physics, engineering, and resource management. University training in water quality is often limited to specialized courses in engineering, ecology, and fisheries curricula. This book also offers a basic understanding of water quality to professionals who are not formally trained in the subject. The revised third edition updates and expands the discussion, and incorporates additional figures and illustrative problems. Improvements include a new chapter on basic chemistry, a more comprehensive chapter on hydrology, and an updated chapter on regulations and standards. Because it employs only first-year college-level chemistry and very basic physics, the book is well-suited as the foundation for a general introductory course in water quality. It is equally useful as a guide for self-study and an in-depth resource for general readers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XI, 440 p. 115 illus., 6 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 3rd ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9783030233358
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8
    DDC: 551.48
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Bottom Soil Profiles in Ponds at Auburn, Alabama, USA and a Proposed System for Describing Pond Soil Horizons (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soil cores were taken from each of three, 2-, 23-, and 52-yr-old research ponds (650–1,010 m2 area) at Auburn, Alabama. Many physical and chemical variables changed in intensity with increasing depth in cores. Compared to original compacted pond soil, sediment contained more moisture; had lower bulk density (〈1.4 g/cm3); possessed higher percentages of silt and clay; had greater porosity, specific surface area, and cation exchange capacity; and contained greater concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. Sediment organic matter was highly decomposed as evidenced by low proportions (5–15%) of carbon and nitrogen associated with the light fraction (soil retained on a 53-μm sieve). Sediment depth at 100-cm water depth increased with pond age (11.7 cm, 28.3 cm, and 48.3 cm in 2-, 23-, and 52-yr-old ponds, respectively), but sediment composition did not change greatly over time. Successive layers in cores were as follows: 1) water near the soil-water interface with a high concentration of solids; 2) high moisture content sediment with dry bulk density 〈0.3 g/cm3; 3) lower moisture content sediment with bulk density between 0.3 and 0.5–0.7 g/cm3; 4) rapid transition of bulk density from 0.5–0.7 g/cm3 to 1.4 g/cm3; 5) original compacted soil with bulk density of 1.4–1.7 g/cm3. We propose that these five layers be referred to as F (flocculent layer), S (stirred or mixed sediment), M (mature, bulk, un-mixed sediment), T (transitional layer), and P (original, undisturbed pond bottom) horizons, respectively. Superficial, oxidized sediment is termed an So horizon, and the reduced part of the S horizon is termed an Sr horizon. The upper part of the T horizon is an MT horizon when it is similar to the M horizon, or a FT horizon when it resembles the P horizon. A system for delineating horizons in pond soil profiles will be valuable in future attempts to classify pond soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00831.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical Budgets for Organically Fertilized Fish Ponds in the Dry Tropics (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Chemical budgets were determined for nitrogen, phosphorns, dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand for three 0.1-ha earthen ponds stocked with Onwchrornis nilotieus at the El Carao National Fish Culture Research Center, Comayagna, Honduras, for two 150-d culture periods, corresponding to the rainy and dry seasons. Layer chicken litter was added to ponds weekly at 500 kg dry matter/ha. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in pond water increased during each season. No significant seasonal differencea in concentrations of water quality variables were observed. Chicken litter added to ponds represented 92–94% of N input, 93–95% of P input, and 43–52% of COD input. Photosynthesis by phytoplnnkton provided 47–56% of COD and 98% of dissolved oxygen (DO) added to ponds. Net inward diffnsion of oxygen added 1.2–1.5% of total DO. Regulated inflow was a minor source of nutrients, and contributed 3–4% of input N, 3–4% of input P, 1% of COD input, and 1% of DO input. Nutrient inputs from rain were ≤1% of total for each nutrient. Fish harvest accounted for 18–21% of total N, 16–18% of total P and 2% of COD added to ponds. Community respiration accounted for 48–57% of COD and 99.5% of DO added to ponds. Nutrient losses in pond effluent at draining were: 7–9% of total N, 29–37% of total P and 2–3% of COD. While measured gains exceeded measrued losses, significpntly greater N, P and organic matter concentrations in pre-drain samples indicated pond mud was a major sink for added nutrients, accumulation in mud represented 70% of total N, 35–40% of total P, and 38–46% of COD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00257.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Conditions and Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Production under Similar Pond Management Regimes in Alabama and Mississippi (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study was conducted to compare water quality and channel catfish production in earthen ponds located in two dissimilar physiographic regions of the southeastern United States and supplied with water of disparate quality. Ponds at Auburn, Alabama are on acidic Piedmont soils and filled with poorly mineralized runoff water; ponds at Stoneville, Mississippi are on slightly alkaline alluvial clays and filled with groundwater of high total alkalinity and hardness. Channel catfish were stocked at 8,750 fish/ha, fed daily, and provided nightly aeration in 0.04-ha ponds at both sites. Ponds were managed as similarly as possible. Minimum daily water temperatures and pH were higher at Stoneville than at Auburn, and there were greater concentrations of suspended clay turbidity, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, total ammonia-nitrogen, and nitrite-nitrogen at Auburn than at Stoneville. The taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton community was broadly different between the two sites. Taste tests revealed off-flavor in fish at both sites, but there were no significant differences (P 〉 0.05) in flavor scores between sites. The quality of flavor was somewhat different between sites, and these differences in quality were thought to result from observed differences in the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton communities. All differences in water quality seemed to be directly or indirectly related to the dissimilarity in the quality of the water supply and soils at the two locations. Although some water quality variables differed between sites and changed over time at both sites, environmental conditions never deteriorated enough at either site to cause serious stress or mortality in fish. There were no significant differences (P 〉 0.05) in average net fish production, survival, weight of individual fish at harvest, or feed conversion ratios. Average net fish production and feed conversion ratios, respectively, were 4,905 kg/ha and 1.27 at Auburn and 5,286 kg/ha and 1.27 at Stoneville. The results of this study demonstrate the need for site-specific investigations when conducting certain types of aquaculture research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1994.tb00187.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Waters of High Chloride Concentration (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 20 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1989.tb00571.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical Budgets for Polyethylene-lined, Brackishwater Ponds (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 20 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Budgets for water, nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were estimated from May to October 1986 in three 0.09 ha ponds stocked with striped bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum). Ponds were lined with highdensity polyethylene sheeting to prevent seepage. Pond bottoms, except for side slopes, were covered with soil. Total rainfall roughly equalled evaporation. Liner runoff augmented rainfall inflow by 43%. The largest source of nitrogen input was feed -88% of the measured input. Overflow was the greatest measured loss of nitrogen. Denitrification and ammonia volatilization apparently removed large amounts of nitrogen. Feed applications and runoff were the major phosphorus inputs. Fish harvest and uptake by mud represented the major losses of phosphorus. The production of each kilogram of fish required 2.09kg of feed and released to the water, as metabolic waste, 118.55g nitrogen, 1.2g phosphorus, and 1.67kg COD. Metabolic wastes from fish resulted in the production of an additional 3.71kg of COD in phytoplankton and benthic algae. Thus, 1kg of live striped bass resulted in a total of 5.38kg of COD. Benthic respiration exceeded respiration of microorganisms in the water column. Total respiration exceeded oxygen produced by photosynthesis, but diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere into the ponds was sufficient to maintain adequate DO concentrations for fish survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1989.tb00524.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Assessment of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Farming in Alabama (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An environmental assessment was made of Alabama channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farming which is concentrated in the west-central region of the state. There are about 10,000 ha of production ponds with 10.7% of the area for fry and fingerlings and 89.3% for food fish. Food fish production was about 40,800 tons in 1997. Watershed ponds filled by rainfall and runoff make up 76% of total pond area. Water levels in many of these ponds are maintained in dry weather with well water. The other ponds are embankment ponds supplied by well water. Harvest is primarily by seine-through procedures and ponds are not drained frequently. The main points related to Alabama catfish farming and environment issues are as follows: 1) catfish farming in Alabama is conservative of water, and excluding storm overflow, about two pond volumes are intentionally discharged from each pond in 15 yr; 2) overflow from ponds following rains occurs mostly in winter and early spring when pond water quality is good and stream discharge volume is high; 3) total suspended solids concentrations in pond effluents were high, and the main sources of total suspended solids were erosion of embankments, pond bottoms, and discharge ditches; 4) concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in effluents were not high, but annual effluent loads of these two nutrients were greater than for typical row crops in Alabama; 5) ground water use by the industry is about 86,000 m3/d, but seepage from ponds returns water to aquifers; 6) there is little use of medicated feeds; 7) copper sulfate is used to control blue-green algae and off-flavor in ponds, but copper is rapidly lost from pond water; 8) although sodium chloride is applied to ponds to control nitrite toxicity, stream or ground water salinization has not resulted from this practice; 9) fertilizers are applied two or three times annually to fry and fingerling ponds and occasionally to grow-out ponds; 10) hydrated lime is applied occasionally at 50 to 100 kg/ha but this does not cause high pH in pond waters or effluents; 11) accumulated sediment removed from pond bottoms is used to repair embankments and not discarded outside ponds; 12) sampling above and below catfish pond outfalls on eight streams revealed few differences in stream water quality; 13) electricity used for pumping water and mechanical aeration is only 0.90 kW h/kg of production; 14) each metric ton of fish meal used in feeds yields about 10 tons of dressed catfish.Reduction in effluent volume through water reuse and effluent treatment in settling basins or wetlands does not appear feasible on most farms. However, some management practices are recommended for reducing the volume and improving the quality of channel catfish pond effluents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2000.tb00903.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Reassessment of Nitrogen Fertilization for Sunfish Ponds (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 34 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00089.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sediment Quality in Arkansas Bait Minnow Ponds (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 33 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Sediment cores were collected from 7-yr-old, 20- to 25-yr-old, and 30- to 35-yr-old ponds at a bait minnow farm at Lonoke, Arkansas, USA. Average depths of soft sediment (S and M horizons) were 8 cm in young ponds, 12 em in intermediate-age ponds, and 26 cm in old ponds. Organic carbon concentrations in sediment were low to moderate (1–2%) and carbon to nitrogen ratios were wide (20–50). Phosphorus and sulfur concentrations increased as ponds aged. Most of the phosphorus (78.9%) was in organic form, but sulfur was primarily inorganic in form (presumably iron sulfide). There appears to be two major problems associated with sediment accumulation over time. Deep, soft sediment interferes with pond management and especially with harvest. High phosphorus concentration in old sediment may contribute to dense phytoplankton blooms by supplying phosphorus to the water. Sodium nitrate treatment did not increase the rate of sediment organic matter decomposition in laboratory trials and would not be expected to enhance the degradation of sediment organic matter in ponds. The best method for improving the condition of bottoms in older bait minnow ponds probably is to remove the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00499.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poind Soil pH Measurement (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soil pH often is measured in samples from the bottoms of aquaculture ponds. Several different techniques for soil pH are used. This study considered the differences in pH obtained by the different methods and determined which methods appeared most useful. Dual electrodes (indicating and reference) and a single-probe combination electrode gave similar pH values when inserted into 1:1 mixtures of dry soil and distilled water. There were slight differences in pH between readings with dual and combination electrodes when the dual electrodes were arranged with the indicating electrode in the sediment phase and the reference electrode in the supernatant phase of the mixture. The two-phase method with the dual electrode does not appear warranted because of greater difficulty in making measurements. Dry soil: distilled water ratios of 1:2.5, 1:5, and 1:10 had progressively greater pH readings than obtained at a 1:1 ratio. Measurements made in 0.01 M CaCl2 and 1.0 M KCl had much different values than those made in distilled water. Higher pH resulted when pH was measured without stirring or in filtrates of soil-water mixtures. A 20-min period of intermittent stirring before making measurements was necessary for a stable pH value. Particle size did not influence pH in aliquots passing 0.053 to 2.36-mm sieves. Drying temperature had a strong influence on pH, and measurements made on samples dried at 40 to 60 C are probably most reliable. Measurements of in situ pH in wet soil with standard pH electrode or a portable acidity tester differed greatly from those made in 1:1 dry soil to distilled water mixtures. Pond bottom soil pH measurement should be standardized. Based on findings of this study, the following method is suggested: dry soil at 60 C in a forced-draft oven; pulverize soil to pass a 2-mm sieve; mix soil and distilled water in a 1:1 ratio (weight: volume); stir intermittently with glass rod for 30 min; insert dual electrodes or a combination electrode into the mixture; measure pH while stirring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2001.tb01089.x
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