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1

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Growth of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) and tall fescue × perennial ryegrass (Festuca arundinacea×Lolium perenne) on the Appalachian Plateau of southern West Virginia, USA (1994)

BELESKY, D. P. ; STOUT, W. L.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 49 (1994), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: The productivity and persistence of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth) cv. Grasslands Matua were compared with a similarly managed endophyte-free tall fescue × perennial ryegrass hybrid (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ×Lolium perenne L.) cv. Johnstone. A field study was conducted on the Appalachian Plateau of southern West Virginia, USA (81°W, longitude; 38°N, latitude; 850m above sea level) for three consecutive years. Nitrogen totalling 0, 168, and 336 kg N ha−1 year−1 was applied to stands managed as hay. Annual herbage yields were similar for both species in year 1 (1989), but by year 3 (1991) Matua sown-grass yield was about 35% of first-year yields. Total herbage yield for Matua plots in the third year was similar to first-year yields owing to encroachment by non-seeded grasses and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Matua was susceptible to powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC) E. O. Speer] in this environment, and was similar in productivity (first year only) and nutritive quality to tall fescue × perennial ryegrass hybrid. Matua use may be limited to areas where low-temperature stress and resultant winter damage is unlikely to occur.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb01972.x

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2

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The influence of nitrogen fertilizer and Acremonium coenophialum on the soluble carbohydrate content of grazed and non-grased Festuca arundinacea (1991)

BELESKY, D. P. ; WILKINSON, S. R. ; STUEDEMANN, J. A.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 46 (1991), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: A field study was conducted from 1983 through 1986 to ascertain the effect of endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum), nitrogen fertility and tall fescue (Festuca arundiancea) genotype upon the soluble carbohydrate content of tall fescue from grazed paddocks. Non-grazed paddock exclosures were evaluated for 1984 and 1985. Plant tissues were extracted with 0·1 mol 1−1 H2SO4 to obtain acid-extractable carbohydrate (AEC). The AEC concentration and yield (concentration × dry matter) varied among and within years, generally was not influenced by endophyte, and was influenced by N fertility and cultivar. The AEC concentration from non-grazed exclosures was inversely related to AEC yield. Grazed paddock AEC concentration and yield were not significantly correlated. Grazed paddock AEC concentration remained fairly constant over the growing season, whereas AEC yield was greatest during periods of ample rainfall. The cultivar Johnstone generally had the greatest AEC concentration when compared with AU Triumph and KY-31. Even though endophyte is a carbohydrate sink, sward scale effects on AEC, as influenced by endophyte, were virtually undetected, suggesting that presence of endophyte is not detrimental to the fescue host. Grazed and non-grazed tall fescue AEC concentration and yield patterns differ and indicate the need to interpret non-grazed quality and management data carefully.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1991.tb02218.x

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3

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Nodulation and root growth of forage legumes sown into tall fescue swards (2004)

Staley, T. E. ; Belesky, D. P.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Grass and forage science 59 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Establishing forage legumes into endophyte-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacae Schreb.) pastures is problematic, especially in well-established stands. A oversowing field experiment determined if this problem was because of poor nodulation. Four renovation techniques, clipped sward (treatment A), herbicided + rye seeding in the previous autumn (treatment B), herbicided in the autumn and spring (treatment C) and herbicided to suppress the sward (treatment D), were investigated to determine their effect on nodulation and root growth of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (T. repens L.) at 16, 22 and 29 d after sowing the legumes. A pot experiment was also conducted under optimal growth conditions and using the same soil to determine the nodulation and root growth potentials of these legume species. At adequate rhizobial populations (〉6 × 104 cfu g−1 soil), substantial nodulation of all species occurred by 29 d after sowing in treatments C and D, whereas nodulation of clovers was usually reduced in treatment A. Total root lengths for all sampling dates, species and treatments were severely restricted, especially under treatment A. A general correspondence of nodulation with root growth was observed for all species, with high correlations (r ≥ 0·85) between these variables for all legume species and treatments, suggesting that soil moisture, and possibly competition for light, were the limiting factors. These results demonstrate that weak stands of forage legumes, typically found when sown into tall fescue swards, are probably not because of inadequate nodulation. Rather, inhibition of root growth by detrimental physical/chemical conditions or allocation of limited photosynthate to shoots instead of roots is suggested.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2004.00441.x

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The effect of phosphate rock dissolution on soil chemical properties and wheat seedling root elongation (1991)

Wright, R. J. ; Baligar, V. C. ; Belesky, D. P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 21-30

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; bioassay ; P-fertilizer ; root growth ; soil acidity ; Triticum aestivum L.

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Soils of the Appalachian region of the United States are acidic and deficient in P. North Carolina phosphate rock (PR), a highly substituted fluoroapatite, should be quite reactive in these soils, allowing it to serve both as a source of P and a potential ameliorant of soil acidity. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of PR dissolution on soil chemical properties and wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Hart) seedling root elongation. Ten treatments including nine rates of PR (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg P kg-1) and a CaCO3 (1000 mg kg-1) control were mixed with two acidic soils, moistened to a level corresponding to 33 kPa moisture tension and incubated for 30 days. Pregerminated wheat seedlings were grown for three days in the PR treated soils and the CaCO3 control. Root length was significantly (P〈0.05) increased both by PR treatments and CaCO3, indicating that PR dissolution was ameliorating soil acidity. The PR treatments increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca, and soil solution Ca while lowering exchangeable Al and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable soil Al. Root growth in PR treatments was best described by an exponential equation (P〈0.01) containing 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Al. The PR dissolution did not reduce total soil solution Al, but did release Al complexing anions into soil solution, which along with increased pH, shifted Al speciation from toxic to nontoxic forms. These results suggest that North Carolina PR should contribute to amelioration of soil acidity in acidic, low CEC soils of the Appalachian region.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010713

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5

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Effect of nitrogen fertilization and mild water stress on the distribution of nitrogen in tall fescue (1984)

Belesky, D. P. ; Fishman, M. L. ; Wilkinson, S. R.

Springer

Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 295-303

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Crude protein ; Nitrogen fertility ; Non-protein nitrogen ; Soluble protein ; Tall fescue ; Water stress

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary An investigation was designed to examine the nature and distribution of nitrogen in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) as influenced by water regime and N fertility under controlled environment conditions. Three replicates of 10 ppm and 110 ppm N were prepared for both adequately watered and water stress treatments of vegetatively propagated tall fescue. Herbage samples were lyophilized and soluble protein extracted in aqueous buffer and separated from low molecular weight N compounds. Two insoluble fractions (RI, cellular and structural fragments; RII, organellar residue, primarily chloroplasts) and two soluble fractions (SI, soluble protein; SII, low molecular weight compounds) were characterized by Kjeldahl N and acid-hydrolyzable amino-acid analyses. Mild water stress increased the crude protein (CP) concentration of tall fescue, especially under limited N conditions. Nitrogen was redistributed among the fractions when tall fescue was water stressed, regardless of N level. Under adequate water conditions at both N levels, about 30% of the soluble plant N was found in SI but under water stress, SI accounted for 50% of the soluble N. This pattern indicates a conservation of intact, nitrogenous material possibly due to decreased proteolysis under mild water stress conditions. The greatest proportion of total N occurred in fraction RI, regardless of water level, 10 N being greater than 110 N. Organellar residue (RII) accounted for about 18.5% of the total N regardless of treatment. Non-protein, non amino acid N concentrations were greatest under 110 N water stress conditions. Nitrate N concentrations contributed to less than one percent of the non-protein non-amino acid nitrogen. Component analysis of N in tall fescue, empirically determined as CP, elucidated the redistribution of nitrogenous constituents in response to N fertilization and water regime which may alter nutritive quality and/or plant survival. Accumulation of low molecular weight N compounds under water stress conditions could relate to animal health and fungal endophyte problems associated with tall fescue.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182932

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6

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Amino acid composition of fractions of ‘Kentucky-31’ tall fescue as affected by N fertilization and mild water stress (1984)

Belesky, D. P. ; Wilkinson, S. R. ; Evans, J. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 257-267

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Amino acids ; Festuca arundinacea ; N fractions ; Tall fescue ; Tissue fractions ; Water stress

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Environmental and management factors can influence the protein concentration of forages, significantly altering specific amino acid content. Drought, high rates of fertilizer N and the presence of a fungal endophyte have been associated with significant alterations in plant N metabolites and animal performance problems on tall fescue. A controlled environment study was conducted to examine the influence of N fertilization (10 and 100 μgN/g) and water regime (low and adequate soil water availability) upon the distribution and concentration of amino acids in endophyte infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) herbage. Tall fescue tissue was collected from three replicates of each treatment, quick frozen in liquid N and lyophilized. Two insoluble (RI, structural residue; RII, membrane residue) and two soluble (SI, soluble protein; SII, low molecular weight N compounds) fractions were collected. Amino acid analyses of acid hydrolysates of fractions showed that application of 100 N significantly increased the concentration (per unit dry weight) of all amino acids in the entire plant, with an average increase of about 55%. Application of 110 N increased the concentrations of most amino acids in fractions RI, RII, and SI, but only aspartate-asparagine, glutamate-glutamine, alanine, threonine, serine, valine and proline in fraction SII. Fraction RI contained about 65% of total amino acids under 10 N and 55% under 110 N even though N level did not alter dry matter distribution among fractions. While the amount of dry matter was least in SI, amino acids in the fraction ranged from 8% (leucine, 10 N) to 20% (lysine, 110 N) of the total amount of specific amino acids recovered. Significant increases in proline, glutamate, aspartate, serine, valine, threonine, alanine and phenylalanine concentration occurred under low soil-water availability compared with adequate water conditions. Basic amino acids including histidine, arginine and lysine increased with increased N and with water stress at each N level. Application of N increased amounts, and water stress influenced distribution of amino acids among the fractions of tall fescue herhage. Nitrogenous components, such as non-protein amino acids which could influence plant nutritive quality, were increased in fraction SII by increased N and water stress.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197159

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