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  • 1
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    Fault geometry and earthquake mechanics (2006)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Earthquake mechanics may be determined by the geometry of a fault system. Slip on a fractal branching fault surface can explain: 1) regeneration of stress irregularities in an earthquake; 2) the concentration of stress drop in an earthquake into asperities; 3) starting and stopping of earthquake slip at fault junctions, and 4) self-similar scaling of earthquakes. Slip at fault junctions provides a natural realization of barrier and asperity models without appealing to variations of fault strength. Fault systems are observed to have a branching fractal structure, and slip may occur at many fault junctions in an earthquake. Consider the mechanics of slip at one fault junction. In order to avoid a stress singularity of order 1/r, an intersection of faults must be a triple junction and the Burgers vectors on the three fault segments at the junction must sum to zero. In other words, to lowest order the deformation consists of rigid block displacement, which ensures that the local stress due to the dislocations is zero. The elastic dislocation solution, however, ignores the fact that the configuration of the blocks changes at the scale of the displacement. A volume change occurs at the junction; either a void opens or intense local deformation is required to avoid material overlap. The volume change is proportional to the product of the slip increment and the total slip since the formation of the junction. Energy absorbed at the junction, equal to confining pressure times the volume change, is not large enongh to prevent slip at a new junction. The ratio of energy absorbed at a new junction to elastic energy released in an earthquake is no larger than P/µ where P is confining pressure and µ is the shear modulus. At a depth of 10 km this dimensionless ratio has th value P/µ= 0.01. As slip accumulates at a fault junction in a number of earthquakes, the fault segments are displaced such that they no longer meet at a single point. For this reason the volume increment for a given slip increment becomes larger. A juction with past accumulated slip ??0 is a strong barrier to earthquakes with maximum slip um 〈 2 (P/µ) u0 = u0/50. As slip continues to occur elsewhere in the fault system, a stress concentration will grow at the old junction. A fresh fracture may occur in the stress concentration, establishing a new triple junction, and allowing continuity of slip in the fault system. The fresh fracture could provide the instability needed to explain earthquakes. Perhaps a small fraction (on the order of P/µ) of the surface that slips in any earthquake is fresh fracture. Stress drop occurs only on this small fraction of the rupture surface, the asperities. Strain change in the asperities is on the order of P/µ. Therefore this model predicts average strais change in an earthquake to be on the order of (P/µ)2 = 0.0001, as is observed.
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: fault geometry ; earthquake mechanics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 2466182 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feasibility of breeding male-sterile populations for use in developing interpopulation hybrids of pearl millet (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 119 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Inter-population hybrids of pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., have a substantial grain yield advantage over open-pollinated varieties that makes them an appropriate and economically viable proposition for many African agricultural situations, provided that stable male-sterile populations can be developed for use as seed parents. The objective of this research was to examine the feasibility of breeding stable male-sterile populations, using the d2 dwarf version of Nigerian Composite NCD2 and the A4 cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility system as a test case. Results showed that two cycles of recurrent selection for sterility maintenance ability led to the development of a fully effective maintainer version of NCD2. There was no significant difference between the original C0 cycle bulk and the C3 cycle bulk (developed from the third and final cycle of recurrent selection) for grain yield and other agronomic traits. The male-sterile population at the third backcross stage, developed from the maintainer version of NCD2, had as high a level of stable male sterility as the A1 system commercial inbred male-sterile line 841A1. Thus, it is concluded that with the use of the A4 cytoplasmic male-sterile system, it would be possible rapidly to develop a maintainer version of any population without detrimental effects on grain yield and agronomic traits. Male sterility of populations developed from these maintainers will be highly stable, paving the way for their effective utilization as seed parents in breeding inter-population hybrids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00505.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trait Associations in Introgressed Populations of Pearl Millet (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 98 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Principal component analysis has been used in this study to describe the associations among 17 traits measured on progenies developed from matings of two adapted pearl millet inbreds with three exotic pearl millets. The exotic parents were a primitive I and race, a weedy relative, and a wild relative. The first three components were calculated for these matings and the associations defined. Correlations between these components and grain yield and growth rate were also determined. The first principal component described a hybrid index in five of the six matings, and a number of other complexes of traits were determined by this component or the other two. Some were common to several matings. The first three components accounted for only 50–60% of the total variability; thus no strong association of trans was found that would hinder recombination of parental types to select agronomically desirable segregates with high grain yield or growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1987.tb01085.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reselection of a Pearl Millet Cultivar Utilizing Residual Variability for Downy Mildew Reaction (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 109 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: ‘BJ 104’ was the most widely grown pearl millet hybrid in India until it became susceptible to downy mildew (DM) in 1984—85. Residual variability for resistance was found in both parental lines, 5141 B (maintainer of 5141 A) and J 104, and through four generations of pedigree selection under intense disease pressure in the DM nursery, two lines, IC-MA841 (from 5141 B) and ICMP 84814 (from J 104), were selected resulting in a reconstituted DM resistant hybrid (‘ICMH 84814’) which was equal in yield to the original ‘BJ 104’. The reconstituted hybrid, though phenotypically similar, can be distinguished from “BJ 104” being slightly taller, flowers later, has heavier heads, and 1000-seed weight, but tillers less.A similar exercise was attempted on Tifton 23 B, the female parent of the first widely grown hybrid (‘HB 3’— the male parent was also J 104), but no variability for resistance to DM was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1992.tb00150.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A computer-based retrieval system for plant breeding material (1978)
    Springer
    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 849-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Pedigree ; family tree ; information retrieval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A computer programme has been written in FORTRAN IV to assist users of a collection of Phaseolus breeding material. It produces desk manuals which list the collection in numeric or alphabetical order, with appended information on the ancestors of each entry. Alternatively the information can be printed as family trees. A sorting facility is provided, to scan information held about each entry for specific descriptor words.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023724
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial DNA variation in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasmic variation ; Eleusine coracana ; finger millet ; mtDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study was conducted to classify 26 lines of finger millet from Africa and India into cytotype groups based on the Southern blot hybridization patterns obtained with maize and sorghum mitochondrial cloned gene probes. Five restriction endonuclease enzymes were used for single digestions on total cellular DNA, giving a total of 20 enzyme/probe combinations. There was a low level of polymorphism, with identical RFLP banding patterns in 23 of the 26 lines. However, mtDNA clone atp9 hybridized to a 3.6 Kb Xba1 fragment in ecotype SDFM-1143 from Malawi; but did not hybridize to a 3.0 Kb fragment present in all other ecotypes. Two Zimbabwean lines, SDFM 63 and SDFM 77, had an extra, low intensity 6.5 Kb Xba1 fragment hybridized by mtDNA clone cox1. This data enabled classification of the lines into 3 cytopype groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025434
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotypic and environmental variation in crop yield. A method of estimating the interdependence of the components of yield (1980)
    Springer
    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Yield components ; compensation ; environmental ; genotypic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Because yield components do not behave as independent attributes the conclusions derived from simple yield analyses are of limited value in plant breeding programmes. By calculating a function W of the variances and covariances of the yield components, it is possible to estimate, on a scale from 0 to 1, the degree to which the variations in yield components were independent of one another in any given experiment. By this approach examples of almost complete compensation among the components (W = 0), of mutual independence of the components (W = 0.5), and of additivity of the components (W = 1.0) have been discovered in original data and in the literature. Reasons, and possible applications for these findings are discussed. Investigations into the sampling properties of W are reported in an appendix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037265
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotype dependent variation in mycorrhizal colonization and response to inoculation of pearl millet (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 113-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Genetic crosses ; Genotypes ; Mycorrhizal colonization ; Pearl millet ; Plant effects ; Response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genotypes of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke) were examined for differences in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization and response to inoculation. For thirty genotypes tested across three field locations there was a range of mycorrhizal colonization intensity between 25 and 56%. In another experiment with two male-sterile lines, restorer lines and their derived crosses, grown in pots filled with non-sterilized soil there were significant differences between genotypes for colonization by mycorrhiza. This showed hostgenotype dependence for mycorrhizal colonization. Root growth rates, mycorrhizal root length, percentage root colonization and plant growth and P uptake were studied in ten genotypes. A set of 3 genotypes with similar root lengths varied significantly with regard to mycorrhizal root length and the percentage colonization. This supports the suggestion that VAM colonization and spread is dependent on the host genotype. The growth responses differed significantly between the genotypes and they also differed in their responses to P uptake and VAM inoculation. The utility of host-genotype dependent differences in VAM symbiosis in plant breeding is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185031
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A database management system for information retrieval and documentation of experiments for plant breeders (1982)
    Springer
    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Computer ; field experiments ; plant breeding ; documentation ; information
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An existing database system for seed collections has been augmented by programs providing plans for field experiments, record sheets and adhesive labels for seed packets. Information on accession names and parentage is picked up from the database. At the end of the season information on material seleeted in the trials is automatically added to the database.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021641
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photopolymerization via the Paterno-Büchi reaction. II. Reaction of aromatic diketones with furans (1976)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 14 (1976), S. 331-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attempts to photopolymerize 1:1 mixtures of furan and aromatic diketones of the benzophenone type by irradiation of benzene solutions at 350 nm were unsuccessful. An alternative route via furan-diketone 2:1 adducts was more successful but was complicated by the intervention of hydrogen abstraction reactions in competition with oxetane formation, leading to crosslinking and insolubilization in some cases.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1976.170140206
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