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  • 1
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    Geologic mapping using Landsat MSS and TM images - Removing vegetation by modeling spectral mixtures (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Semi-arid regions of the island of Hawaii and of the Tucson Mountains, AZ, having less than 50 percent green vegetation cover were mapped into rock/soil types by first identifying spectral mixtures of vegetation and rock/soil, and then removing the vegetation information. Landsat MSS images were used for Hawaii, and a Landsat TM image was used for the Tucson Mountains. Following analysis of the images field transects were done in test areas to determine percent vegetation cover and vegetation community characteristics, and to observe rock and soil types. For both Hawaii and the Tucson Mountains 20 percent or more of green vegetation caused potential misidentification of the rock/soil units unless spectral mixing was taken into account.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Analysis of lithology: Vegetation mixes in multispectral images (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Discrimination and identification of lithologies from multispectral images is discussed. Rock/soil identification can be facilitated by removing the component of the signal in the images that is contributed by the vegetation. Mixing models were developed to predict the spectra of combinations of pure end members, and those models were refined using laboratory measurements of real mixtures. Models in use include a simple linear (checkerboard) mix, granular mixing, semi-transparent coatings, and combinations of the above. The use of interactive computer techniques that allow quick comparison of the spectrum of a pixel stack (in a multiband set) with laboratory spectra is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Multispectral Imaging Science Working Group, Vol. 3; 4 p
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Use of laboratory spectra for determining vegetation assemblages in Landsat images (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A spectral library is a diverse collection of reflectance spectra which are used, not as an image-matching data base, but rather as an interpretive link to the physical/chemical processes that cause absorption of light in plants, minerals, rocks, and soils. Techniques for using this library to interpret Landsat MSS data are described, including the process of normalization which largely eliminates brightness effects of both laboratory and image data. Three image-to-library programs are explained. These have been used successfully to descriminate very small (less than 10 percent) changes in plant species components, to detect the presence of vegetation in units where percent cover is only 5 percent, and to recognize unusual vegetation patterns that relate to substrate changes where the substrate is not directly resolvable.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    High-resolution global climate simulations with the ECMWF model in Project Athena: Experimental design, model climate and seasonal forecast skill (2012)
    AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Climate, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC, 25, pp. 3155-3172, ISSN: 0894-8755
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The sensitivity to the horizontal resolution of the climate, anthropogenic climate change, and seasonal predictive skill of the ECMWF model has been studied as part of Project Athena—an international collaboration formed to test the hypothesis that substantial progress in simulating and predicting climate can be achieved if mesoscale and subsynoptic atmospheric phenomena are more realistically represented in climate models. In this study the experiments carried out with the ECMWF model (atmosphere only) are described in detail. Here, the focus is on the tropics and the Northern Hemisphere extratropics during boreal winter. The resolutions considered in Project Athena for the ECMWF model are T159 (126 km), T511 (39 km), T1279 (16 km), and T2047 (10 km). It was found that increasing horizontal resolution improves the tropical precipitation, the tropical atmospheric circulation, the frequency of occurrence of Euro-Atlantic blocking, and the representation of extratropical cyclones in large parts of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. All of these improvements come from the increase in resolution from T159 to T511 with relatively small changes for further resolution increases to T1279 and T2047, although it should be noted that results from this very highest resolution are from a previously untested model version. Problems in simulating the Madden–Julian oscillation remain unchanged for all resolutions tested. There is some evidence that increasing horizontal resolution to T1279 leads to moderate increases in seasonal forecast skill during boreal winter in the tropics and Northern Hemisphere extratropics. Sensitivity experiments are discussed, which helps to foster a better understanding of some of the resolution dependence found for the ECMWF model in Project Athena.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Simulating the diurnal cycle of rainfall in global climate models: Resolution versus parameterization (2012)
    In:  EPIC3Clim. Dyn.1007/s00382-011-, e9, pp. 399-418
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The effects of horizontal resolution and the treatment of convection on simulation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation during boreal summer are analyzed in several innovative weather and climate model integrations. The simulations include: season-long integrations of the Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) with explicit clouds and convection; year-long integrations of the operational Integrated Forecast System (IFS) from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts at three resolutions (125, 39 and 16 km); seasonal simulations of the same model at 10 km resolution; and seasonal simulations of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) low-resolution climate model with and without an embedded two-dimensional cloud-resolving model in each grid box. NICAM with explicit convection simulates best the phase of the diurnal cycle, as well as many regional features such as rainfall triggered by advancing sea breezes or high topography. However, NICAM greatly overestimates mean rainfall and the magnitude of the diurnal cycle. Introduction of an embedded cloud model within the NCAR model significantly improves global statistics of the seasonal mean and diurnal cycle of rainfall, as well as many regional features. However, errors often remain larger than for the other higher-resolution models. Increasing resolution alone has little impact on the timing of daily rainfall in IFS with parameterized convection, yet the amplitude of the diurnal cycle does improve along with the representation of mean rainfall. Variations during the day in atmospheric prognostic fields appear quite similar among models, suggesting that the distinctive treatments of model physics account for the differences in representing the diurnal cycle of precipitation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    Tropical cyclone climatology in a 10-km global atmospheric GCM: Toward weather-resolving climate modelling (2012)
    AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Climate, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC, 25(11), pp. 3867-3893, ISSN: 0894-8755
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone (TC) activity is investigated in multiyear global climate simulations with the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS) at 10-km resolution forced by the observed records of sea surface temperature and sea ice. The results are compared to analogous simulations with the 16-, 39-, and 125-km versions of the model as well as observations. In the North Atlantic, mean TC frequency in the 10-km model is comparable to the observed frequency, whereas it is too low in the other versions. While spatial distributions of the genesis and track densities improve systematically with increasing resolution, the 10-km model displays qualitatively more realistic simulation of the track density in the western subtropical North Atlantic. In the North Pacific, the TC count tends to be too high in the west and too low in the east for all resolutions. These model errors appear to be associated with the errors in the large-scale environmental conditions that are fairly similar in this region for all model versions. The largest benefits of the 10-km simulation are the dramatically more accurate representation of the TC intensity distribution and the structure of the most intense storms. The model can generate a supertyphoon with a maximum surface wind speed of 68.4 m s−1. The life cycle of an intense TC comprises intensity fluctuations that occur in apparent connection with the variations of the eyewall/rainband structure. These findings suggest that a hydrostatic model with cumulus parameterization and of high enough resolution could be efficiently used to simulate the TC intensity response (and the associated structural changes) to future climate change.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
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    Revolutionizing climate modeling - Project Athena: A multi-institutional, international collaboration (2013)
    In:  EPIC3Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94(2), pp. 231-245
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Researchers began paving the way for efficient use of dedicated supercomputing facilities to enable higher resolution climate modeling with potentially large improvements in fidelity. The importance of using dedicated high-end computing resources to enable high spatial resolution in global climate models and advance knowledge of the climate system has been evaluated in an international collaboration called Project Athena. Inspired by the World Modeling Summit of 2008 and made possible by the availability of dedicated high-end computing resources provided by the National Science Foundation from October 2009 through March 2010, Project Athena demonstrated the sensitivity of climate simulations to spatial resolution and to the representation of subgrid-scale processes with horizontal resolutions up to 10 times higher than contemporary climate models. While many aspects of the mean climate were found to be reassuringly similar, beyond a suggested minimum resolution, the magnitudes and structure of regional effects can differ substantially. Project Athena served as a pilot project to demonstrate that an effective international collaboration can be formed to efficiently exploit dedicated supercomputing resources. The outcomes to date suggest that, in addition to substantial and dedicated computing resources, future climate modeling and prediction require a substantial research effort to efficiently explore the fidelity of climate models when explicitly resolving important atmospheric and oceanic processes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorometric and Colorimetric Microdetermination of Uranium in Rocks and Minerals (1954)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 26 (1954), S. 1635-1639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60094a029
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    β-Substituent Stabilization of Carbanion Intermediates (1965)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 30 (1965), S. 400-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo01013a022
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alizarine-Iron Lakes (1921)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 25 (1921), S. 660-664 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150215a004
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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