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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planetary science Huygens rediscovers Titan (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 438 (2005), S. 756-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ever since the two Voyager spacecraft passed the Solar System's sixth planet in 1980 and 1981, Saturn — with its beautiful rings and retinue of more than 30 satellites cocooned in a complex, pulsating magnetosphere — has insistently called on us to return. The joint NASA and European ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/438756a
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cometary Deuterium (1999)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 90 (1999), S. 33-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: Deuterium ; Origin ; Gas ; Composition ; Planets ; Water ; HCN ; Interstellar Medium ; Comets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Deuterium fractionations in cometary ices provide important clues to the origin and evolution of comets. Mass spectrometers aboard spaceprobe Giotto revealed the first accurate D/H ratios in the water of Comet 1P/Halley. Ground-based observations of HDO in Comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), the detection of DCN in Comet Hale-Bopp, and upper limits for several other D-bearing molecules complement our limited sample of D/H measurements. On the basis of this data set all Oort cloud comets seem to exhibit a similar $$\left( {{{\text{D}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{D}} {\text{H}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\text{H}}}} \right)_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} $$ ratio in H2O, enriched by about a factor of two relative to terrestrial water and approximately one order of magnitude relative to the protosolar value. Oort cloud comets, and by inference also classical short-period comets derived from the Kuiper Belt cannot be the only source for the Earth's oceans. The cometary O/C ratio and dynamical reasons make it difficult to defend an early influx of icy planetesimals from the Jupiter zone to the early Earth. D/H measurements of OH groups in phyllosilicate rich meteorites suggest a mixture of cometary water and water adsorbed from the nebula by the rocky grains that formed the bulk of the Earth may be responsible for the terrestrial D/H. The D/H ratio in cometary HCN is 7 times higher than the value in cometary H2O. Species-dependent D-fractionations occur at low temperatures and low gas densities via ion-molecule or grain-surface reactions and cannot be explained by a pure solar nebula chemistry. It is plausible that cometary volatiles preserved the interstellar D fractionation. The observed D abundances set a lower limit to the formation temperature of (30 ± 10) K. Similar numbers can be derived from the ortho-to-para ratio in cometary water, from the absence of neon in cometary ices and the presence of S2. Noble gases on Earth and Mars, and the relative abundance of cometary hydrocarbons place the comet formation temperature near 50 K. So far all cometary D/H measurements refer to bulk compositions, and it is conceivable that significant departures from the mean value could occur at the grain-size level. Strong isotope effects as a result of coma chemistry can be excluded for molecules H2O and HCN. A comparison of the cometary $$\left( {{{\text{D}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{D}} {\text{H}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\text{H}}}} \right)_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} $$ ratio with values found in the atmospheres of the outer planets is consistent with the long-held idea that the gas planets formed around icy cores with a high cometary D/H ratio and subsequently accumulated significant amounts of H2 from the solar nebula with a low protosolar D/H.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005269208310
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abundances of isotopes in planetary atmospheres (1978)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 19 (1978), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Carbon and oxygen isotopes show no large anomalies on Venus (≤10–15%) or Mars (〈5%); the high value of15N/14N found on Mars is explained by non-thermal escape of nitrogen. The isotopes of non-radiogenic noble gases in the atmosphere of Mars exhibit abundance patterns similar to those in the primordial component of meteoritic gases and in the Earth's atmosphere. This implies that gas fractionation took place in the inner solar nebula prior to planet formation. The relatively high value of129Xe on Mars emphasizes its deficiency on Earth, implying a difference in accretion histories of volatiles for the two planets. In the outer solar system, we find normal isotope ratios for nitrogen and carbon on Jupiter, and for carbon on Saturn, but precision is low (±15% at best). Controversy exists about the correct value of D/H, with current estimates ranging from 2.3±1.1 to 5.1±0.7×10−5. Planetary missions planned for the next few years should add considerably to the quantity and quality of these data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00897003
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen On The Moon: What Does It Tell Us? (1999)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 85-86 (1999), S. 343-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The lunar regolith contains gases that have been implanted in its grains by the solar wind. These gases include nitrogen, and measurements of 15N14N in lunar soils have revealed puzzling temporal variations. These variations have frustrated attempts to determine the value of 15N14N in proto-solar nitrogen. A new measurement of this important isotope ratio on Jupiter allows us to clarify the lunar problems and to establish relationships among nitrogen reservoirs in the solarsystem and the galaxy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017048806952
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Comet Nucleus Tour (Contour); A NASA Discovery Mission (2000)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 89 (2000), S. 289-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; missions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In 1997, the COmet Nucleus TOUR (CONTOUR) was selected byNASA for a new start as part of the Discovery line. In this paper, we review the status of the mission, the mission timeline and the instruments to be flown. Detail is given of the science goals and how they are to be accomplished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021567007750
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life as a planetary phenomenon (1985)
    Springer
    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 15 (1985), S. 221-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The success of recent spacecraft from the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. has given us a wealth of new data about the planets in our solar system. We can now develop a much better rationale for the reasons that abundant life is only found on our planet. Mars, smaller and more distant from the Sun, may nevertheless hold clues to the early development of Earth's atmosphere. The origin of life on Mars early in that planet's history cannot be ruled out. Titan offers a contemporary example of extremely primitive conditions, where chemical reactions resembling those that preceded the development of life on Earth may be occurring today. Venus and Jupiter illustrate the need for a planet to be the right size and the right distance from the sun if chemical evolution leading to the origin of life is to occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01808170
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The outer solar system: Perspectives for exobiology (1974)
    Springer
    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 5 (1974), S. 41-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The outer solar system contains many environments of interest for studies of the origin of life. Recent observations support the idea that Jupiter and Saturn have retained the mixture of elements originally present in the solar nebula. Subsequent low temperature chemistry has produced the expected array of simple molecules giving characteristic absorption bands in the spectra of these planets. Microwave and infrared observations show that the lower atmospheres are at temperatures above 300 K. Sources of energy for non-equilibrium chemistry seem available at least on Jupiter and the presence of an array of colored materials in the Jovian cloud belts has often been cited as evidence for the existence of complex abiogenic organic molecules. Further study of both planets in an exobiological context seems well worthwhile; potentially productive methods of investigation (including planned space missions) can be described and evaluated from this point of view. Uranus and Neptune are clearly deficient in light gases, but otherwise little is known with certainty about these distant planets. Again unusually high temperatures have been reported, but not above 273 K. Pluto and many of the outer planet satellites appear to represent a class of small bodies very unlike our neighbors in the inner solar system. Titan, Saturn's largest satellite, is especially interesting for our purposes because of its atmosphere. Methane and hydrogen are both present, and Titan's unusually reddish color again suggests the presence of organic compounds. The hydrogen-methane ratio is likely to be more similar to that of a primitive reducing terrestrial atmosphere than the ratios for Jupiter and Saturn, suggesting that in some respects this satellite may provide an even better model for early organic synthesis on the Earth. The problem of Titan's heat balance and atmospheric composition are currently under active investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927012
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical evolution in the Jupiter and Saturn systems (1982)
    Springer
    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 12 (1982), S. 243-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00926891
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planetary atmospheres (1996)
    Springer
    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 26 (1996), S. 301-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459771
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  • 30
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    Results from the Huygens probe on Titan (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-29
    Print ISSN: 0935-4956
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0754
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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