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  • 11
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    The O I 135.6 nm airglow observations of the midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly by TIMED/GUVI (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: This study presents the O I 135.6 nm airglow observation of the middle-latitude electron density enhancement during local summer nighttime by Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft. The nighttime density enhancement at magnetic middle latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, known as the Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA), had been studied by using multipoint observations, and a similar anomalous nighttime enhancement was also found in the Northern Hemisphere recently. The resemblance of both anomalies at magnetic middle latitudes in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres suggests that they should be categorized as the midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly (MSNA). To further explore the three-dimensional structure of the MSNA and its day-to-day variation, the two-dimensional global radiance maps and the vertical electron density profiles derived from disk and limb scans of the TIMED/GUVI 135.6 nm airglow observations are utilized in this study. These global observations show that the northern MSNA mainly occurs in Asia, Europe, and the North Atlantic Ocean regions, while the southern MSNA occurs in the South America-Antarctica region, near the WSA region. The GUVI day-to-day observations in 2006 further illustrate that the southern MSNA appears nightly in January-February and November-December, while the northern MSNA appears in 36 out of 41 total observation nights in May-June.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 12
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    Resolution of the sprite polarity paradox: The role of halos (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-21
    Description: This study revisits the sprite polarity paradox, first manifest by observations that exceptional cloud-to-ground flashes with negative polarity generally did not produce detectable sprites. The paradox is here resolved by the Transient Luminous Event (TLE) known as the halo, which on account of its inferior brightness (0.3 MR versus 1.5 MR) and substantially shorter duration (1 ms versus 10–100 ms) in comparison with the sprite, is not readily detectable in ground-based video cameras with standard field duration (16.7–20 ms). Observations with improved temporal resolution (ISUAL (Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightnings) from space and PIPER (Photometric Imager of Precipitated Electron Radiation) observations from the ground) provide evidence that flashes with negative polarity dominate the global halo population, and that the halo numbers are more than sufficient to account for the previously missing TLEs. The evidence for lightning polarity-dependent TLEs (sprites, positive and halos, negative) is attributable to the well established but incompletely understood contrast in the behavior of negative and positive lightning flashes to ground.
    Print ISSN: 0048-6604
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-799X
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 13
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    Optical emissions and behaviors of the blue starters, blue jets, and gigantic jets observed in the Taiwan transient luminous event ground campaign (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-07
    Description: On 22 July 2007, 37 blue jets/starters and 1 gigantic jet occurring over a thunderstorm in the Fujian province of China were observed from the Lulin observatory on the central mountain ridge of Taiwan. The majority of the jets were observed to occur in a 5 min window during the mature phase of the jet-producing thunderstorm. These jets have significant red band emissions. However, the blue emissions from these jets were not discernible due to severe atmospheric scattering. A model estimation of the emissions from a streamer reveals that the red emissions in blue starters and blue jets are mainly from the nitrogen first positive band (1PN2). The type II gigantic jet is the first of this type that was observed from the ground. The generation sequence of the gigantic jet begins with a blue starter, then a blue jet occurs at the same cloud top after ∼100 ms and finally develops into a gigantic jet ∼50 ms later. Using “optical strokes” as surrogates of the lightning strokes, the correlations between jets and the cloud lightning are explored. The results indicate that the occurrence of jets can be affected by the preceding local cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning or nearby lightning (intracloud (IC) or CG), while in turn the jets might also affect the ensuing lightning activity.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 14
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    Occurrence of elves and lightning during El Niño and La Niña (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-10
    Description: We analyzed the ISUAL-FORMOSAT2 elves, the LIS-TRMM lightning, the sea surface temperature (SST), and the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) indices (the Niño 3.4 Index and the Southern Oscillation Index - SOI) in the period between June 2005 and May 2010 to explore the impacts of ENSO on the occurrences of the mesospheric elves and the troposphere lightning. The standardized anomalies of the elve and the lightning occurrence densities are used to quantify the deviation of the elve and lightning occurrences during an ENSO event. The areas in the ENSO-sensitive western Pacific, central Pacific and Tahiti regions with a significant event anomaly are taken to be the impact indicators of ENSO. Also the SOI is used to examine the correlation of the temporal intensity variation between ENSO, elve and lightning. The results indicate that elve shows clear responses to ENSO with a correlation over 0.6 in the coastal and the oceanic regions. The lightning occurrence is responsive to ENSO in the oceanic regions, but shows a low correlation in the coastal regions, due the overwhelming influence of the landmass. Therefore, between elve and lightning as proximity indices of ENSO, elve has a broader applicable geographic range. However, elve is known to be the mesospheric luminous manifestations of the high-peak-current lightning, and the response of the intense lightning to ENSO would be similar to that of the elve. Hence, alternatively, the intense lightning can also be used as an indicator of ENSO.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 15
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    Examination of the magnetism dynamics from intermixing effects in γ-Fe2O3/MnO core-shell nanoparticles (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: We have examined the effects of core-shell intermixing on the dynamical magnetism of γ -Fe 2 O 3 /MnO nanoparticles. The core and shell phases were identified using x-ray diffraction, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy identified Mn ions in both octahedral and tetrahedral sites, consistent with a significant amount of substitution at the core-shell interface to form an Fe/Mn-ferrite. The dynamical response was probed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, which decouples surface and core spins, and suggested a change in the relaxation behaviour among the spin populations within γ -Fe 2 O 3 /MnO relative to the γ -Fe 2 O 3 seed particles. Interestingly, the magnetic relaxation effects at the atomic scale, measured via Mössbauer spectroscopy, were enhanced, indicating that the addition of an MnO shell and intermixing affected the dynamical freezing process which altered the surface magnetism of the γ -Fe 2 O 3 core. Our results show that both the MnO shell and the interfacial intermixed layer are important in determining the core-shell nanoparticle magnetism.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 16
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    Why peer discussion improves student performance on in-class concept questions (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: When students answer an in-class conceptual question individually using clickers, discuss it with their neighbors, and then revote on the same question, the percentage of correct answers typically increases. This outcome could result from gains in understanding during discussion, or simply from peer influence of knowledgeable students on their neighbors. To distinguish between these alternatives in an undergraduate genetics course, we followed the above exercise with a second, similar (isomorphic) question on the same concept that students answered individually. Our results indicate that peer discussion enhances understanding, even when none of the students in a discussion group originally knows the correct answer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, M K -- Wood, W B -- Adams, W K -- Wieman, C -- Knight, J K -- Guild, N -- Su, T T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):122-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1165919.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. michelle.k.smith@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Comprehension ; Educational Measurement ; Genetics/*education ; Humans ; *Learning ; *Peer Group ; Teaching/*methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 17
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    Infrared absorption spectrum of the simplest Criegee intermediate CH2OO (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-13
    Description: The Criegee intermediates are carbonyl oxides postulated to play key roles in the reactions of ozone with unsaturated hydrocarbons; these reactions constitute an important mechanism for the removal of unsaturated hydrocarbons and for the production of OH in the atmosphere. Here, we report the transient infrared (IR) absorption spectrum of the simplest Criegee intermediate CH2OO, produced from CH2I + O2 in a flow reactor, using a step-scan Fourier-transform spectrometer. The five observed bands provide definitive identification of this intermediate. The observed vibrational frequencies are more consistent with a zwitterion rather than a diradical structure of CH2OO. The direct IR detection of CH2OO should prove useful for kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the Criegee mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Su, Yu-Te -- Huang, Yu-Hsuan -- Witek, Henryk A -- Lee, Yuan-Pern -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 12;340(6129):174-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1234369.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 18
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    Activating hotspot L205R mutation in PRKACA and adrenal Cushing's syndrome (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: Adrenal Cushing's syndrome is caused by excess production of glucocorticoid from adrenocortical tumors and hyperplasias, which leads to metabolic disorders. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 49 blood-tumor pairs and RNA sequencing of 44 tumors from cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs), adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasias (AIMAHs), and adrenocortical oncocytomas (ADOs). We identified a hotspot in the PRKACA gene with a L205R mutation in 69.2% (27 out of 39) of ACAs and validated in 65.5% of a total of 87 ACAs. Our data revealed that the activating L205R mutation, which locates in the P+1 loop of the protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit, promoted PKA substrate phosphorylation and target gene expression. Moreover, we discovered the recurrently mutated gene DOT1L in AIMAHs and CLASP2 in ADOs. Collectively, these data highlight potentially functional mutated genes in adrenal Cushing's syndrome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cao, Yanan -- He, Minghui -- Gao, Zhibo -- Peng, Ying -- Li, Yanli -- Li, Lin -- Zhou, Weiwei -- Li, Xiangchun -- Zhong, Xu -- Lei, Yiming -- Su, Tingwei -- Wang, Hang -- Jiang, Yiran -- Yang, Lin -- Wei, Wei -- Yang, Xu -- Jiang, Xiuli -- Liu, Li -- He, Juan -- Ye, Junna -- Wei, Qing -- Li, Yingrui -- Wang, Weiqing -- Wang, Jun -- Ning, Guang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):913-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1249480. Epub 2014 Apr 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. ; BGI-Shanghai, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. ; Department of Pathology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. ; Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. guangning@medmail.com.cn wangj@genomics.org.cn wqingw@hotmail.com. ; BGI-Shanghai, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China. Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. guangning@medmail.com.cn wangj@genomics.org.cn wqingw@hotmail.com. ; Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China. guangning@medmail.com.cn wangj@genomics.org.cn wqingw@hotmail.com.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/*genetics/*metabolism ; Adrenocortical Adenoma/*genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Arginine/genetics ; Catalytic Domain/genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Cushing Syndrome/*genetics ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunits/chemistry/*genetics ; Glucocorticoids/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/*metabolism ; Leucine/genetics ; Methyltransferases/genetics ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics ; Mutation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    Decorating gold nanostars with multiwalled carbon nanotubes for photothermal therapy (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-16
    Description: Gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes have attracted substantial attention in recent years for their potential applications in photothermal therapy (PTT) as an emerging breakthrough in cancer treatment. Herein, a hybrid nanomaterial of gold nanostars/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was synthesized by two-step reduction via the control of several synthetic conditions such as the reducing agent, pH value, concentration and ratio of reagents. The material shows good biocompatibility and high photothermal conversion efficiency, demonstrating its applicability in PTT. The lack of surfactant in the synthesis process made the hybrid nanomaterial cell-friendly, with no effects on viability in vitro . The MWCNT/gold nanostars hybrid nanomaterial presented 12.4% higher photothermal efficiency than gold nanostars alone and showed a 2.4-fold increase over gold nanospheres based on a heating test under 808 nm laser irradiation. Moreover, the MWCNTs/gold nanostars at low concentration (0.32 nM) exhibited remarkably improved photothermal cancer cell-killing efficacy, which may be attributed to the surface plasmon resonance absorption of the gold nanostars and the combined effects of enhanced coupling between the MWCNTs and gold nanostars. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the MWCNTs/gold nanostars developed herein show prominent photothermal value, and thus may serve as a novel photothermal agent for cancer therapy.
    Keywords: biomaterials
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 20
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    A synthetic maternal-effect selfish genetic element drives population replacement in Drosophila (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-03-31
    Description: One proposed strategy for controlling the transmission of insect-borne pathogens uses a drive mechanism to ensure the rapid spread of transgenes conferring disease refractoriness throughout wild populations. Here, we report the creation of maternal-effect selfish genetic elements in Drosophila that drive population replacement and are resistant to recombination-mediated dissociation of drive and disease refractoriness functions. These selfish elements use microRNA-mediated silencing of a maternally expressed gene essential for embryogenesis, which is coupled with early zygotic expression of a rescuing transgene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Chun-Hong -- Huang, Haixia -- Ward, Catherine M -- Su, Jessica T -- Schaeffer, Lorian V -- Guo, Ming -- Hay, Bruce A -- GM057422/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM70956/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS042580/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS048396/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):597-600. Epub 2007 Mar 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, Mail Code 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17395794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*genetics/physiology ; Animals ; Antigens, Differentiation/*genetics/physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila/embryology/*genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Engineering ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Male ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *RNA Interference ; Receptors, Immunologic/*genetics/physiology ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transgenes ; Zygote/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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