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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small rainfall events: An ecological role in semiarid regions (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 53 (1982), S. 301-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Small precipitation events account for a large proportion of the precipitation received in semiarid regions, and their potential ecological importance has previously been ignored. We investigated the effect of a small rainfall event (5 mm) upon Bouteloua gracilis, the dominant grass species of the central and southern Great Plains of North America. An effect of a small event on leaf water potential and leaf conductance to water vapor was observed in less than 12 h and lasted for up to two days. The remarkable short response time of Bouteloua gracilis to a rainfall stimulus enables this species to utilize small events and, therefore, may influence its persistence as a dominant species in the steppe region. We proposed response times to be one of the major species characteristics determining capacity for utilizing different portions of the water resource of the region. We suggest that small precipitation events are ecologically significant and a qualitatively distinct resource for ecosystems in semiarid regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389004
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water status of soil and vegetation in a shortgrass steppe (1981)
    Springer
    Oecologia 48 (1981), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to describe some major relationships between soil and plant compartments in a shortgrass steppe, the process of water loss from the system and plant water relations throughout a drying cycle were studied. The water supply was manipulated and some soil and plant variables monitored throughout a drying cycle. Leaf conductance and leaf water potential of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) were measured periodically at predawn and noon. Soil water content and water potential of different layers were also monitored. Three different periods were distinguished in the water loss process throughout a drying cycle. These distinctions were made taking into account the relative contribution of different soil layers. Leaf conductance and water potential at noon slowly declined throughout the first 50 days of plant growth. After that, they rapidly decreased, reaching values of 0.29 mm s-1 and-5.0 MPa, respectively. The predawn leaf water potential remained unchanged around-0.5 MPa during the first 45 days, then rapidly decreased. This occurred when soil water of the wettest soil layer was near depletion. Predawn leaf water potentials were highly correlated with water potentials of the wettest layer. Leaf conductance and water potential at noon were correlated with effective soil water potential (soil water potential weighted by the root distribution in the profile). We concluded that root surface area limited the water flow through an important part of the day in this semiarid ecosystem. Axial root resistance did not appear important in determining the equilibrium status between leaves and the wettest soil layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346489
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partitioning of carbon an SO2-sulfur in a native grassland (1979)
    Springer
    Oecologia 42 (1979), S. 229-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seasonal assimilation and within-plant partitioning of 14CO2-carbon and 35SO2-sulfur in field plots of mixed-grass prairie was investigated, as was the dry deposition of 35SO2 onto surfaces of dead leaves, litter, and soil, and possible effects of continuous low-level SO2 fumigation on these processes. The proportion of total net-assimilated carbon found below-ground was 45% in May, 51% in July, and 17% in September. As the season progressed, greater proportions of assimilate were partitioned to 5–20 cm depths and less to the 0–5 cm depth. Rhizomes and crowns received greater proportions in late season. Significant fractions of total 34SO2-deposited sulfur were recovered on dead leaf surfaces as well as litter and soil, suggesting estimates of SO2 removal based on stomatal resistance alone are inadequate. Only 4% to 7% of total deposited sulfur was translocated belowground, with most going to 0–5 cm roots. In July much greater proportions of the total translocated SO2-sulfur were found in deeper depths than in September. On SO2-fumigated plots roots had lower total sulfur concentrations than controls. Furthermore, while on control plots total sulfur in roots at 5–20 cm increased from May to July and decreased from July to September, on fumigated plots there was a decrease followed by an increase suggesting that SO2 uptake by shoots interferes with the normal pattern of root sulfur uptake and redistribution within the plant. Continuous SO2 fumigation also seemed to stimulate root growth in July, possibly through a stimulation of photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344859
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root turnover and production by14C dilution: implications of carbon partitioning in plants (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 353-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Belowground net primary production ; 14C dilution ; Exudation ; Labile carbon ; Root production ; Structural carbon ; Translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Estimates of belowground net primary production (BNP) obtained by using traditional soil core harvest data are subject to a variety of potentially serious errors. In a controlled growth chamber experiment, we examined the aboveground-belowground, labile to structural tissue, and plant to soil dynamics of carbon to formulate a14C dilution technique for potential successful application in the field and to quantify sources of error in production estimates. Despite the fact that the majority of net14C movement between above- and belowground plant parts occurred between the initial labeling and day 5, significant quantities of14C were incorporated into cell-wall tissue throughout the growing period. The rate of this increase at late sampling dates was greater for roots than for shoots. Total loss of assimilated14C was 47% in wheat and 28% in blue grama. Exudation and sloughing in wheat and blue grama, respectively, was 15 and 6% of total uptake and 22 and 8% of total plant production. When root production estimates by14C dilution were corrected for the quantities of labile14C incorporated into structural carbon between two sampling dates, good agreement with actual production was found. The error associated with these estimates was ±2% compared with a range of −119 to −57% for the uncorrected estimates. Our results suggest that this technique has potential field application if sampling is performed the year after labelling. Sources of errors in harvest versus14C dilution estimates of BNP are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197492
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of patch models to examine regional sensitivity to climate change (1996)
    Springer
    Climatic change 34 (1996), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224627
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of 14C, 86Rb, and total excavation for determination of root distributions of individual plants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotopes ; monolith excavation ; plant life-forms ; root distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Individual grass (Bouteloua gracilis) and shrub (Gutierrezia sarothrae) plants were either excavated as monoliths on nail boards, exposed to 14CO2, or stem-injected with 86Rb to compare the ability of the techniques to determine horizontal and vertical distribution of roots. The vertical distribution or roots directly under plant centers obtained by coring most closely correlated with monolith root length. 14C activity greatly overestimated near-surface roots and underestimated deep roots. 86Rb activity did not follow the pattern of geometric decrease in root biomass with depth. Comparisons of both isotopes with monolith root length, over both horizontal and vertical axes, indicated that 14C activity was consistently concentrated near the soil surface, and 86Rb activity was highly variable and randomly distributed. 14C may better represent root activity than root mass, and stem-injection methods can result in nonuniform labeling of roots. Caution should be exercised when using tracers to infer root biomass distributions. Resource partitioning between shrubs and grasses is discussed in relation to soil water dynamics in this semiarid grassland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018853
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of atmospheric and soil sulfur on the sulfur and selenium concentration of range plants (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Selenium ; Sulfur ; Sulfur dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A native northern mixed prairie, Montana, U.S.A., was exposed to three controlled levels of sulfur dioxide and subplots fertilized with sulfur and/or selenium. Plant species that accumulated relatively greater quantities of soil sulfur did not necessarily accumulate relatively greater quantities of atmospheric sulfur, andvisa versa. Plant-sulfur concentrations increased with increasing time and level of exposure, but the rate of increase in plant-sulfur concentrations decreased with increasing SO2 concentration. Plants exposed to the high-SO2 concentration tended to have lower sulfur concentrations when growing in the sulfur-or the selenium-fertilized plots. High soil selenium caused a reduction in plant-sulfur content, but a decrease in plant selenium concentration with high soil sulfur could be detected only when comparing plants on the selenium and sulfur plus selenium plots, where high plant selenium concentrations were encountered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185101
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfur accumulation in western wheatgrass exposed to three controlled SO2 concentrations (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 53 (1979), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Air pollution ; Grassland ; Native grass ; Sulfur ; Sulfur dioxide ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sulfur concentrations of western wheatgrass tillers and individual leaves were measured from plants exposed to four SO2 concentrations (9, 52, 105 and 183 μg·m−3). Sulfur concentration of plants was a linear function of either time of exposure or concentration. Young leaves and the youngest portion of leaves contained less sulfur than their older counterparts irregardless of whether they had or had not been exposed to SO2. Current hypotheses which relate plant sensitivity to amount of sulfur taken up do not apply for western wheatgrass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181887
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of soil nematodes, rotifers and tardigrades to three levels of season-long sulfur dioxide exposures (1982)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 17 (1982), S. 343-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil nematode, rotifer, and tardigrade populations were sampled in field plots of native northern mixed prairie in southeastern Montana from 1977 to 1979. The field plots were exposed to season-long fumigation with controlled low-levels of SO2 throughout the growing seasons (April–October). Two field sites were used, one fumigated for five seasons (1975–1979) and the other for four (1976–1979). Seasonal average SO2 concentrations ranged from control (〈 1 pphm) to approximately 7 pphm. Soil fauna were sampled by taking soil cores and extracting them by the Baermann wet funnel technique. Total counts were made for tardigrades and rotifers while nematodes were divided into three groups-stylet bearers (Tylenchida-Dorylimida), non-stylet bearers, and the predatory Mononchida. Consistent trends of substantial reductions in tardigrade populations occurred in all treated plots in all years; however, statistical significance was achieved only in 1979 when sample size and individual core size were substantially increased. Tardigrades were found to be restricted almost completely to the surface two centimeters of the soil profile. Significant population reductions in the treated plots of both sites were found for non-stylet bearing nematodes in 1977 only. Stylet bearing types and predaceus Mononchida appeared unaffected by the SO2 as were the soil rotifers, although slight but consistent trends of reduction in rotifers occurred in the highest treatments in 1977 and 1978. Both nematodes and rotifers were distributed primarily in the 0 to 10 cm layer of the soil profile but not restricted to the soil surface as much as the tardigrades. Implications of the responses to SO2 and vertical distributions of the three groups are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00460102
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of low-level sulfur dioxide exposure on decomposition ofAgropyron smithii litter under laboratory conditions (1983)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 19 (1983), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A study of the effects of low-level SO2 exposure on decomposition ofAgropyron smithii was conducted. Finely groundA. smithii litter was exposed to 220 μg m−3 SO2 continuously for five weeks. Respiration and total decomposition were measured. Sulfur dioxide exposure resulted in a 90 % reduction in decomposition rate during the initial phase of exposure and a 17% reduction during the latter phase. Differences in respiration rate were not observed. The reductions in decomposition corresponded to a previous report of reduction in the decomposition ofA. smithii and lowered soil pH with SO2 exposure in a field experiment (Dodd and Lauenroth, 1981).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599052
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