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  • 11
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    Stability of spherical converging shock wave (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-09
    Description: Based on Guderley's self-similar solution, stability of spherical converging shock wave is studied. A rigorous linear perturbation theory is developed, in which the growth rate of perturbation is given as a function of the spherical harmonic number ℓ and the specific heats ratio γ . Numerical calculation reveals the existence of a γ -dependent cut-off mode number ℓ c , such that all the eigenmode perturbations for ℓ  〉  ℓ c are smeared out as the shock wave converges at the center. The analysis is applied to partially spherical geometries to give significant implication for different ignition schemes of inertial confinement fusion. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations are performed to verify the theory.
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 12
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    Subunit architecture of general transcription factor TFIIH [Biophysics and Computational Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-08
    Description: Structures of complete 10-subunit yeast TFIIH and of a nested set of subcomplexes, containing 5, 6, and 7 subunits, have been determined by electron microscopy (EM) and 3D reconstruction. Consistency among all the structures establishes the location of the “minimal core” subunits (Ssl1, Tfb1, Tfb2, Tfb4, and Tfb5), and additional densities can be specifically attributed to Rad3, Ssl2, and the TFIIK trimer. These results can be further interpreted by placement of previous X-ray structures into the additional densities to give a preliminary picture of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. In this picture, the key catalytic components of TFIIH, the Ssl2 ATPase/helicase and the Kin28 protein kinase are in proximity to their targets, downstream promoter DNA and the RNA polymerase C-terminal domain.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 13
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    Development in processing of MgB2 cryo-magnet superconductors (2014)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-01
    Description: Spark Plasma Sintering is a promising rapid consolidation technique that allows a better understanding and manipulating of sintering kinetics and therefore makes it possible to obtain MgB 2 -based ceramics with tailored microstructures. Commercial MgB 2 powders were spark plasma sintered with an applied mechanical pressure, leading to MgB 2 pellets with 99% relative density. The obtained samples show a sharp superconducting transition with an onset at 38.5 K. The critical current density was measured equal to 5.6 × 10 4 A/cm 2 at 20 K under 1 T applied field. Otherwise, the trapped field was also investigated. A 5 mm thick pellet with a 20 mm diameter prepared with optimized processing temperature demonstrated a trapped field of 1.2 T at 15 K and up to 2.5 T at 10 K.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 14
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    Generation of quasi-monoenergetic carbon ions accelerated parallel to the plane of a sandwich target (2014)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-04
    Description: A new ion acceleration scheme, namely, target parallel Coulomb acceleration, is proposed in which a carbon plate sandwiched between gold layers is irradiated with intense linearly polarized laser pulses. The high electrostatic field generated by the gold ions efficiently accelerates the embedded carbon ions parallel to the plane of the target. The ion beam is found to be collimated by the concave-shaped Coulomb potential. As a result, a quasi-monoenergetic and collimated C 6+ -ion beam with an energy exceeding 10 MeV/nucleon is produced at a laser intensity of 5 × 10 19  W/cm 2 .
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 15
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    Collisionless absorption, hot electron generation, and energy scaling in intense laser-target interaction (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-13
    Description: Among the various attempts to understand collisionless absorption of intense and superintense ultrashort laser pulses, a whole variety of models and hypotheses has been invented to describe the laser beam target interaction. In terms of basic physics, collisionless absorption is understood now as the interplay of the oscillating laser field with the space charge field produced by it in the plasma. A first approach to this idea is realized in Brunel's model the essence of which consists in the formation of an oscillating charge cloud in the vacuum in front of the target, therefore frequently addressed by the vague term “vacuum heating.” The investigation of statistical ensembles of orbits shows that the absorption process is localized at the ion-vacuum interface and in the skin layer: Single electrons enter into resonance with the laser field thereby undergoing a phase shift which causes orbit crossing and braking of Brunel's laminar flow. This anharmonic resonance acts like an attractor for the electrons and leads to the formation of a Maxwellian tail in the electron energy spectrum. Most remarkable results of our investigations are the Brunel like spectral hot electron distribution at the relativistic threshold, the minimum of absorption at I λ 2 ≅ ( 0.3 − 1.2 ) × 10 21   Wcm − 2 μ m 2 in the plasma target with the electron density of n e λ 2 ∼ 10 23 cm − 3 μ m 2 , the drastic reduction of the number of hot electrons in this domain and their reappearance in the highly relativistic domain, and strong coupling, beyond expectation, of the fast electron jets with the return current through Cherenkov emission of plasmons. The hot electron energy scaling shows a strong dependence on intensity in the moderately relativistic domain I λ 2 ≅ ( 10 18 − 10 20 )   Wcm − 2 μ m 2 , a scaling in vague accordance with current published estimates in the range I λ 2 ≅ ( 0.14 − 3.5 ) × 10 21   Wcm − 2 μ m 2 , and again a distinct power increase beyond I = 3.5 × 10 21   Wcm − 2 μ m 2 . The low energy electrons penetrate normally to the target surface, the energetic electrons propagate in laser beam direction.
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 16
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    Ice nucleation by cellulose and its potential contribution to ice formation in clouds (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-01
    Description: Nature Geoscience 8, 273 (2015). doi:10.1038/ngeo2374 Authors: N. Hiranuma, O. Möhler, K. Yamashita, T. Tajiri, A. Saito, A. Kiselev, N. Hoffmann, C. Hoose, E. Jantsch, T. Koop & M. Murakami Ice particles in the atmosphere influence clouds, precipitation and climate, and often form with help from aerosols that serve as ice-nucleating particles. Biological particles, including non-proteinaceous ones, contribute to the diverse spectrum of ice-nucleating particles. However, little is known about their atmospheric abundance and ice nucleation efficiency, and their role in clouds and the climate system is poorly constrained. One biological particle type, cellulose, has been shown to exist in an airborne form that is prevalent throughout the year even at remote and elevated locations. Here we report experiments in a cloud simulation chamber to demonstrate that microcrystalline cellulose particles can act as efficient ice-nucleating particles in simulated supercooled clouds. In six immersion mode freezing experiments, we measured the ice nucleation active surface-site densities of aerosolized cellulose across a range of temperatures. Using these active surface-site densities, we developed parameters describing the ice nucleation ability of these particles and applied them to observed atmospheric cellulose and plant debris concentrations in a global aerosol model. We find that ice nucleation by cellulose becomes significant (〉0.1 l−1) below about −21 °C, temperatures relevant to mixed-phase clouds. We conclude that the ability of cellulose to act as ice-nucleating particles requires a revised quantification of their role in cloud formation and precipitation.
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 17
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    Ion beam requirements for fast ignition of inertial fusion targets (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-16
    Description: Ion beam requirements for fast ignition are investigated by numerical simulation taking into account new effects, such as ion beam divergence, not included before. We assume that ions are generated by the TNSA scheme in a curved foil placed inside a re-entrant cone and focused on the cone apex or beyond. From the focusing point to the compressed core, ions propagate with a given divergence angle. Ignition energies are obtained for two compressed fuel configurations heated by proton and carbon ion beams. The dependence of the ignition energies on the beam divergence angle and on the position of the ion beam focusing point has been analyzed. Comparison between TNSA and quasi-monoenergetic ions is also shown.
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 18
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    Room-temperature ferromagnetism in transparent transition metal-doped titanium dioxide (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-03
    Description: Dilute magnetic semiconductors and wide gap oxide semiconductors are appealing materials for magnetooptical devices. From a combinatorial screening approach looking at the solid solubility of transition metals in titanium dioxides and of their magnetic properties, we report on the observation of transparent ferromagnetism in cobalt-doped anatase thin films with theconcentration of cobalt between 0 and 8%. Magnetic microscopy images reveal a magnetic domain structure in the films, indicating the existence of ferromagnetic long-range ordering. The materials remain ferromagnetic above room temperature with a magnetic moment of 0.32 Bohr magnetons per cobalt atom. The film is conductive and exhibits a positive magnetoresistance of 60% at 2 kelvin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matsumoto, Y -- Murakami, M -- Shono, T -- Hasegawa, T -- Fukumura, T -- Kawasaki, M -- Ahmet, P -- Chikyow, T -- Koshihara, S -- Koinuma, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 2;291(5505):854-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ceramics Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11228146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 19
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    Control of homeostasis of CD8+ memory T cells by opposing cytokines (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-28
    Description: Memory T cells maintain their numbers for long periods after antigen exposure. Here we show that CD8+ T cells of memory phenotype divide slowly in animals. This division requires interleukin-15 and is markedly increased by inhibition of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Therefore, the numbers of CD8+ memory T cells in animals are controlled by a balance between IL-15 and IL-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ku, C C -- Murakami, M -- Sakamoto, A -- Kappler, J -- Marrack, P -- AI-17134/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-18785/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-22295/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):675-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies ; Antigens, CD44/analysis ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology/transplantation ; Cell Death ; Cell Division ; Homeostasis ; *Immunologic Memory ; Interleukin-15/immunology/*physiology ; Interleukin-2/immunology/*physiology ; Interleukin-7/immunology/physiology ; Lymphocyte Count ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Interleukin-15 ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis/immunology ; Receptors, Interleukin-7/immunology/physiology ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Detection and monitoring of ongoing aseismic slip in the Tokai region, central Japan (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: Analysis of global positioning system data shows that the rate of crustal deformations in the Tokai region of Japan, a seismic gap area, changed over the past 18 months. Kalman filtering analysis shows aseismic slip on the plate boundary in the western Tokai region centered on Lake Hamana, adjacent to the anticipated Tokai earthquake source area. The cumulative moment magnitude reaches 6.7 in June 2002 with a relative slip increase northeast of Lake Haman from January 2002. An existence of aseismic slip in the western Tokai supports the hypothesis of a silent event as the cause of uplifting several days before the 1944 Tonankai earthquake.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ozawa, Shinzaburo -- Murakami, Makoto -- Kaidzu, Masaru -- Tada, Takashi -- Sagiya, Takeshi -- Hatanaka, Yuki -- Yarai, Hiroshi -- Nishimura, Takuya -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1009-12. Epub 2002 Oct 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geography and Crustal Dynamics Research Center, Geographical Survey Institute of Japan, Kitasato-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 305-0013. ozawa@gsi.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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