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  • 11
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    The atmosphere of Titan (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the currently available knowledge on Titan's atmosphere, based on the report of the 1973 Titan Atmosphere Workshop. The atmosphere composition, clouds, haze, and thermal structure are discussed, along with the photochemistry, escape, and recycling of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Icarus; 22; May 1974
    Format: text
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  • 12
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    Dynamic properties of the thermosphere inferred from Pioneer Venus mass spectrometer measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The data obtained by the Pioneer Venus spectrometer experiments indicate that the day-night temperature contrast on Venus is associated with wind velocities of about 200 m/s which transport oxygen, helium, and hydrogen toward the night side. A mass exchange with the mesosphere commensurate with an eddy diffusion coefficient of 3 x 10 to the 7th is required to buffer the horizontal advection so as to reproduce the observed day time bulge in oxygen and the small diurnal variations in helium. The observed time response and magnitude of the day-night density variations require transport processes to be effective over time periods between five and ten days, implying a superrotation rate or prevailing winds in excess of 50 m/s at the equator. Nonlinear mass transport results in wave steepening and contributes to the amplification of the density extrema in hydrogen and helium.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
    Format: text
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  • 13
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    Mass spectrometric measurements of the neutral gas composition of the thermosphere and exosphere of Venus (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The neutral gas composition and density in the thermosphere of Venus is being measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter. Data are obtained near periapsis once per day approximately 150-250 km above the surface. The principal gases in the thermosphere are CO2, CO, N2, O, N, and He. Atomic oxygen is the major constituent above 155 km on the dayside and also on the nightside up to 180 km when helium becomes the major constituent. The average values of CO2, CO, N2, O, and N remain nearly constant during day and night, but an abrupt change occurs across the terminator from a high dayside value to a low nightside value. The helium density varies in the opposite way, and a distinct bulge was observed at night near the morning terminator. The data have been used as the basis of an empirical model. Large orbit to orbit variations in densities were also observed on the nightside, suggesting perhaps strong turbulent motion in the atmosphere below. Kinetic temperatures inferred from scale heights are approximately 285 K on the dayside and 110 K at night. The average global temperature obtained from the model is 199 K.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 14
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    H2 abundance in the atmosphere of Venus (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The in situ measurements from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) Ion Mass Spectrometer have led to the detection of H2(+) ions in the Venus ionosphere. Although H2(+) is a minor ion, its measurement provides the first direct clue for determining the H2 abundance in the upper atmosphere of Venus. A photochemical model using PVO measurements is used to derive an H2 mixing ratio of 10 ppm below 140 km altitude. The presence of this much H2 confirms a previous prediction that the reactions of O(+) with H2 and subsequent recombination of OH(+) provide an important source of nonthermal H observed in the Venus atmosphere. The estimated escape flux for H is 10 to the 8th per sq cm/s.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Mar. 198
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  • 15
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    Pioneer Venus Orbiter neutral gas mass spectrometer experiment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Pioneer Venus Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS) is designed to measure the vertical and horizontal density variations of the major neutral constituents in the upper atmosphere of Venus. The mass spectrometer sensor includes a retarding potential ion source, hyperbolic quadrupole rod analyzer, and electron multiplier detector. The supporting electronic system consists of hybrid integrated circuits to reduce weight and power. The ONMS instrument was launched aboard the Pioneer Venus Orbiter on May 20, 1978, and turned on in orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978. It has operated flawlessly for over a Venus year (243 earth days) and has returned data of the composition of the major constituents in the Venus atmosphere between the altitudes of 150 and 350 km.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Jan. 198
    Format: text
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  • 16
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    The Venus ionosphere and solar wind interaction (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current state of knowledge of the chemistry, dynamics and energetics of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus is reviewed together with the nature of the solar wind-Venus interaction. Because of the weak, though perhaps not negligible, intrinsic magnetic field of Venus, the mutual effects between these regions are probably strong and unique in the solar system. The ability of the Pioneer Venus Bus and Orbiter experiments to provide the required data to answer the questions outstanding is discussed in detail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 17
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    Pressure and co sub 2 content of the martian atmosphere - a critical discussion. (1965)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-10
    Description: Surface pressure and carbon dioxide content of Martian atmosphere, comparing polarimetric, photometric and spectroscopic methods
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 18
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    Studies of extended planetary atmospheres (1991)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The following topics are covered: (1) telescopic observations and analysis of planetary atmospheres (including the Moon and Mars) and the Io torus; (2) occultation observations; and (3) supporting laboratory studies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington, Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1991; p 65-66
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 19
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    Vertical O(sub 3) distribution as a diagnostic for eddy diffusion profile (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A model study of the distribution of ozone on Mars is presented. It is showed that knowledge of the vertical ozone distribution, such as could be obtained from ultraviolet measurements from an orbiter, could be used to infer vertical transport rates at various levels in the atmosphere. The dependence of the vertical distribution of O(sub 3) on the height variation of eddy diffusion coefficient is illustrated. Ozone abundance is a valuable diagnostic for other climatological parameters. In addition, the sensitivity of O(sub 3) distribution to eddy diffusion may aid in determining the role of surface oxidation and recombination processes and lead to a better understanding of the volatiles released or adsorbed cyclically in the Martian regolith.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., MECA Symposium on Mars: Evolution of its Climate and Atmosphere; p 114-116
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  • 20
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    Modeling the temporal and spatial variations of the vertical structure of Jupiter's atmosphere using observations of the 3-0 hydrogen quadrupole lines (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An observational program was established in 1983 to monitor the spatial and temporal variations in the Jovian atmosphere over short and long time scales. The program involves tracking several different longitudes as they rotate around the planet from one limb to another. This tracking experiment was done at many different wavelengths including the 3-0 S(1) and S(0) hydrogen quadrupole lines as well as several broad band methane absorptions. The June 1983 hydrogen quadrupole data was reduced and equivalent widths were measured for approximately 25 east-west positions across the planet at 7 different latitudes for both wavelengths. The data for the South Tropical Zone (20 deg. S) was modeled extensively and the effects of the various model parameters on the value of the calculated equivalent widths of both lines was measured as a longitude rotated from the east (or morning) limb to the west (or evening) limb. The value of the equivalent width is also quite sensitive to the height of the NH3 cloud top and to the value used for the single scattering albedo. A combination of these parameters changing on a diurnal time scale could also explain these observations. This gradual increase from one limb to the other appears in the data for both the North and South Equatorial Belts as well as the equatorial region and the North Tropical Zone. Models that used only normal hydrogen and models that used only equilibrium hydrogen were studied.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Inst. for Space Studies The Jovian Atmospheres; p 26-28
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