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  • Articles  (177)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] EARTH-based observations1*2 show that between 1972 and 1976 Titan's disk-integrated brightness increased by 9% in the blue (b) and 5.5% in the yellow (y) to a maximum during 1976-77, and decreased through 1978. This variation and a similar but smaller variation in Neptune's brightness can be ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 277 (1979), S. 640-642 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sagan and Mullen4 suggested that the solution must lie in a more efficient atmospheric greenhouse effect on Earth during the period when the solar luminosity was low. To increase the greenhouse effect, it is necessary to change the atmospheric composition, or density, or both. Sagan and Mullen4 ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 247 (1974), S. 100-101 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The early experiments1-5 employed mixtures of methane and ammonia4'5, sometimes with hydrogen1 or water2'3; and indeed amino acids (in the experiments with H2O) and related organic molecules have been produced. More recently6-8, in attempts to simulate atmospheres likely to contain sulphur (those ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 281 (1979), S. 442-446 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Voyager 2 observations of the jovian ring system discovered by Voyager 1 are presented. The rings were observed both above and below the jovian equatorial plane and at extremely low and high phase angles. This ring system seems to represent a steady state configuration for small particles that are ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 438 (2005), S. 756-757 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ever since the two Voyager spacecraft passed the Solar System's sixth planet in 1980 and 1981, Saturn — with its beautiful rings and retinue of more than 30 satellites cocooned in a complex, pulsating magnetosphere — has insistently called on us to return. The joint NASA and European ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 208 (1965), S. 476-477 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Trafton3 has pointed out that the pressure-induced dipole absorption of H2 may produce significant absorption in the case of Jupiter. He finds that temperatures of the order of 147 K are not difficult to maintain by an atmospheric greenhouse effect depending only on this absorber. Owen4 has ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 395 (1998), S. 575-578 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The 1980 encounter by the Voyager 1 spacecraft with Titan, Saturn's largest moon, revealed, the presence of a thick atmosphere containing nitrogen and methane (1.4 and ∼0.05 bar, respectively). Methane was found to be nearly saturated at Titan's tropopause, which, with other ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 14 (1979), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of the Martian atmosphere and its significance for the possible origin of life on Mars is still very incomplete. Further investigations are needed to define the total volatile inventory, the early history of the atmosphere, and the relationship of the atmosphere to the question of indigenous life. In addition, studies of Venus, comets, and the Jupiter system will add significantly to our abilities to understand the early history of Mars.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1982), S. 150-156 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Titan ; Planetary atmoshperes ; Chemical evolution ; Planets ; Satellites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The discovery that Titan had an atmosphere was made by the identification of methane in the satellite's spectrum in 1944. But the abundance of this gas and the identification of other major constituents required the 1980 encounter by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. in the intervening years, traces of C2H2, C2H4, C2H6 and CH3D had been posited to interpret emission bands in Titan's IR spectrum. The Voyager infrared Spectrometer confirmed that these gases were present and added seven more. The atmosphere is now known to be composed primarily of molecular nitrogen. But the derived mean molecular weight suggests the presence of a significant amount of some heavier gas, most probably argon. It is shown that this argon must be primordial, and that one can understand the evolution of Titan's atmosphere in terms of degassing of a mixed hydrate dominated by CH4, N2 and36Ar. This model satisfactorily explains the absence of neon and makes no special requirements on the satellite's surface temperature. The organic chemistry taking place on Titan today invites comparision with chemical evolution on the primitive Earth prior to the origin of life.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 19 (1978), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Carbon and oxygen isotopes show no large anomalies on Venus (≤10–15%) or Mars (〈5%); the high value of15N/14N found on Mars is explained by non-thermal escape of nitrogen. The isotopes of non-radiogenic noble gases in the atmosphere of Mars exhibit abundance patterns similar to those in the primordial component of meteoritic gases and in the Earth's atmosphere. This implies that gas fractionation took place in the inner solar nebula prior to planet formation. The relatively high value of129Xe on Mars emphasizes its deficiency on Earth, implying a difference in accretion histories of volatiles for the two planets. In the outer solar system, we find normal isotope ratios for nitrogen and carbon on Jupiter, and for carbon on Saturn, but precision is low (±15% at best). Controversy exists about the correct value of D/H, with current estimates ranging from 2.3±1.1 to 5.1±0.7×10−5. Planetary missions planned for the next few years should add considerably to the quantity and quality of these data.
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