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  • chemical defense  (5)
  • defensive secretion  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hyperparasitoid defense strategies against spiders: the role of chemical and morphological protection (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid hyperparasitoid ; Alloxysta ; predation ; spiders ; chemical defense ; morphological resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aphid endohyperparasitoid Alloxysta brevis(Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Charipidae) applies defensive chemicals stored in mandibular gland reservoirs against attacking ants. Alloxystines can be divided into species capable of exploiting ant-attended resources and into species exclusively reared from unattended aphid-parasitoid systems. Mandibular secretions are found in species of both groups, with little variation in chemical composition. We show that the mandibular gland secretion does not only protect against ant attacks but acts as an overall defense agent against generalist predators like spiders. The protective success differed with the spider species. The web-building spider Agelena labyrinthica(Clerck) (Araneae: Agelinidae) killed 57% of attacked A. brevisfemales, but sucked out only 8%. The smaller free-hunting jumping spider Salticus scenicus(Clerck) (Araneae: Salticidae) failed in overwhelming or severely injuring A. brevis. The pattern of interactions showed striking similarities with interactions between A. brevisand the ant Lasius niger(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Primary parasitoids which are lacking chemical defense and sufficient morphological protection suffered significantly higher mortality due to spider predation. Our results indicate that – additional to chemical defense- parasitoid survival depends on the specific morphological resistance against grip pressure during capture, and on the predator – prey size relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004069524135
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; predator-prey interaction ; synergism ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; Bledius ; Carabidae ; Dyschirius ; Pogonus ; Dichirotrichus ; Formicinae ; Cataglyphis ; Dermaptera ; Labidura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in eitherγ-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241675
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defense chemicals from abdominal glands of 13 rove beetle species of subtribe staphylinina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2691-2711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Staphylinina ; chemical defense ; abdominal glands ; iridoids ; iridodial ; ketones ; cyclic compounds ; spiroacetals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-one volatile constituents have been characterized from the abdominal defensive glands of 13 Staphylinina rove beetle species (Staphylinidae). The major secretion component, a rapidly polymerizing iridoid dialdehyde (in most cases iridodial), is mainly accompanied by variable amounts of some iridoid lactones, traces of actinidine, some possible monoterpene precursors, short-chain ketones, cyclic compounds, and spiroacetals. The secretion mixtures even of single Staphylinina genera are very heterogenously composed of a variety of active substances with different structures. This situation may be a typical feature of iridoid defense systems based upon a primary fixative major compound and clearly differs from other chemical defense systems (for example the quinone system) which have a toxic main component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988079
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defensive secretions of three oxytelinae rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1411-1420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; defensive secretion ; glands ; acetates ; lactones ; alkenes ; quinones ; citral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The secretions of the abdominal glands ofBledius spectabilis Kraatz,Platystethus arenarius Fourcr., andOxytelus piceus L. have been shown to contain four 1-alkenes; toluquinone; toluhydroquinone; C10 −-,C11 −, C12 −-, and C14 − γ-lactones; C12-δ-lactone; citral; and decyl-, undecyl-, and dodecyl acetates. Quantitative results indicate that 1-alkenes are formed probably from present lactones by decarboxylation. According to the known life histories of the beetles, it is suggested that the gland material is not used as an algal growth regulator but represents a unique defensive blend characteristic for the whole subfamily.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions betweenAlloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Alloxystidae) and honeydew-collecting ants: How an aphid hyperparasitoid overcomes ant aggression by chemical defense (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2901-2915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Alloxystidae ; hyperparasitoids ; ants ; Formicidae ; interactions ; aggression ; chemical defense ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one ; actinidin ; biological significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Foraging females of the aphid hyperparasitoidAlloxysta brevis were attacked by honeydew-collecting workers of the antLasius niger at the first encounter. However, ants abandoned their attacks quickly, and foragingA. brevis remained unmolested for a subsequent time interval of approximately 5 min, which is long enough for the hyperparasitoid to oviposit successfully. Furthermore, freshly killed intactA. brevis were disregarded by ants, while decapitated specimens were readily removed. We present evidence thatA. brevis females release a mandibular gland secretion, which contains 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, actinidin, and unidentified iridoids, in response to an ant attack. This secretion functions both as a measure of self-defense if the female is seized by an ant worker and as a repellent, which prevents ant attacks during subsequent encounters. This is the first evidence for chemical defense in a hymenopterous parasitoid. It enablesA. brevis females to hyperparasitize ant-attended aphids that constitute a major proportion of their hosts and significantly reduces mortality by ectohyperparasitoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098397
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attacus atlas caterpillars (Lep., Saturniidae) spray an irritant secretion from defensive glands (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2127-2138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attacus atlas ; biogenic amines ; chemical defense ; defensive glands of caterpillars ; histamine ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ability ofAttacus atlas caterpillars to spray a defensive secretion seems to be due to the fine structure of the integumental glands that produce it. The giant gland cells are fixed to stable cuticular rings surrounding the gland openings and tightly closed by cuticular lids. Probably by increasing hemolymph pressure, the lids are blasted off and the secretion spouts out. The fluid contains several aromatics, biogenic amines (e.g., acetylcholine, histamine), glycerol, and trehalose and exhibits tyrosinase activity. Deterrent effects of caterpillar secretion and hemolymph on predatory ants could be shown. Presumably the spraying process serves to apply the secretion to sensitive sites of vertebrate target organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066249
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sticky secretion from two pairs of defensive glands of rove beetleDeleaster dichrous (Grav.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 859-883 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Deleaster dichrous ; defensive secretion ; gland system ; iridodial adhesive ; isopropyl esters ; sec-butyl esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetically primitive rove beetleDeleaster dichrous (Grav.) (Oxytelinae) has been shown for the first time to possess two pairs of neighboring abdominal glands which are depleted simultaneously on molestation. The morphology of these glands is described. The defensive constituents of theDeleaster glands were elucidated directly from the mixtures by gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic methods and microchemical reactions. The paired whitish glands secrete iridodial, which polymerizes on exposure to air to form an adhesive that probably deters small predatory arthropods. The red gland system ofD. dichrous contains the toxicp-toluquinone and a variety of isopropyl andsec-butyl esters. Artificial quinoid ester mixtures simulating the secretion ofD. dichrous showed only weak effects on mortality ofLucilia larvae in comparison with more effective secretions of phyiogenetically derived Oxytelinae. The secretion of the primitive genusDeleaster is characterized chemotaxonomically by β, γ-unsaturated C12 acids and esters, which are postulated as precursors for the characteristic defensive compounds of the derived species, thus indicating a clear evolutionary trend at the micromolecular level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012074
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