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  • 1
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    The evolution of ozone observed by UARS MLS in the 1992 late winter southern polar vortex (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The evolution of ozone (O3) observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite is described for 14 Aug through 20 Sep 1992, in relation to the polar vortex. The development of an ozone hole is observed in column O3, and a corresponding decrease is seen in O3 mixing ratio in the polar lower stratosphere, consistent with chemical destruction. The observations also suggest that poleward transport associated with episodes of strong planetary wave activity is important in increasing O3 in the mid-stratosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 12; p. 1279-1282.
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  • 2
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    A 3D simulation of the early winter distribution of reactive chlorine in the north polar vortex (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Early in December 1991, high values of ClO are seen by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite at latitudes south of areas of temperatures cold enough to form polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). A 3D simulation shows that the heterogeneous conversion of chlorine reservoirs to reactive chlorine on the surfaces of PSCs (processing) takes place at high latitudes. Often the processed air must be transported to lower latitudes, where the reactive chlorine is photochemically converted to ClO, to be observed by MLS. In this simulation, one incidence of cold temperatures is associated with an anticyclone, and a second with a cyclone. The transport of processed air associated with the anticyclone is marked by shearing; a decrease in the maximum of the processed air is accompanied by growth of the area influenced by the processing. In contrast, the air processed in the cyclonic event spreads more slowly. This shows that transport and shearing is a crucial element to the evolution of reactive chlorine associated with a processing event. In particular, transport and shearing, as well as photochemical processes, can cause variations in observed ClO.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 12; p. 1271-1274.
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  • 3
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    MLS observations of stratospheric waves in temperature and O3 during the 1992 southern winter (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Microwave Limb Sounder observed waves in stratospheric temperature and O3 during the 1992 southern winter. Wave 1 intensifies three times from mid August through mid September, when a 9 day eastward traveling wave becomes in phase with the stationary wave 1. During the periods of wave intensification, minor sudden warmings and increased zonal mean O3 are observed. The waves have a westward phase tilt which results in an intensified baroclinic zone when the waves are in phase. Waves in T and O3 are positively correlated near 5 - 10 hPa, implying transport by planetary waves; this is supported by larger O3 wave amplitudes than expected from photochemistry alone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 12; p. 1255-1258.
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  • 4
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    MLS observations of lower stratospheric ClO and O3 in the 1992 Southern Hemisphere winter (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: UARS MLS measurements of ClO in the 1992 Southern Hemisphere winter are described. Lower stratospheric ClO abundances greater than 1 ppbv were observed in the vortex beginning 1 June. The enhanced ClO reached largest areal extent in mid-August, then retreated poleward. ClO abundances at 22 hPa decreased in early September while those at 46 hPa remained high. O3 decrease within the vortex was observed by mid-August, and was coincident with the enhanced ClO.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 12; p. 1219-1222.
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  • 5
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    UARS MLS observations of lower stratospheric ClO in the 1992-93 and 1993-94 Arctic winter vortices (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements of lower stratospheric ClO during 1992-93 and 1993-94 Arctic winters are presented. Enhanced ClO in the 1992-93 winter was first observed in early December, and extensively during February when temperatures were continually low enough for polar stratospheric cloud (PSCs). Sporadic episodes of enhanced ClO were observed for most of the 1993-94 winter as minimum temperatures hovered near the PSC threshold, with largest ClO amounts occurring in early March after a sudden deep cooling in late February.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 22; 7; p. 823-826
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  • 6
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    Submillimeter heterodyne spectroscopy and remote sensing of the upper atmosphere (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Submillimeter-wavelength heterodyne spectroscopy by microwave limb sounding (MLS) from orbiting satellite is a measurement technique for studying Earth's stratosphere, mesosphere and lowerr thermosphere on a global scale. Development and deployment of such tools are timely, as stratospheric ozone shileds life from solar ultraviolet radiation but is depleted by pollution from industrial activities. MLS experiments on NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and Earth Observing System (EOS) are now being developed and implementend for global monitoring. Atmospheric thermal-emission spectra at millimeter and submillimeter wave-lengths are measured as the instrument field of view (FOV) is scanned through the limb from above. Atmospheric profiles of molecular abundances, temperature, pressure, wind and magnetic field can be determined from the measured emission spectra. Intensity of the emission can provide abundance and temperature. Measured linewidths, and emission from temperature-insensitive O2 lines, can provide pressure. Differentitaion of measured pressure with repsect ot measured height differential (obtaiend from the instrument FOV scan encoder) can also provide temperature through atmospheric hydrostatic equilibrium (which relates temperature to pressure and height differential). Doppler shifts of spectral lines can provide wind, and Zeeman splitting of the magnetic-dipole lines of O2 can provide magnetic field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: The use of EOS for studies of atmospheric physics; Proceedings of the International School of Physics (Enrico Fermi), Course 115, Varenna, Italy, Jun. 26 - Jul. 6, 1990 . A95-89225; p. 491-579
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  • 7
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    Inference of cloud temperature and thickness by microwave radiometry from space (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on the Seasat and Nimbus-7 satellites measured microwave radiation at 6.6, 10.69, 18.0, 21.0 and 37.0 GHz with both horizontal and vertical polarizations. Numerical simulations have been performed to explore the potential of using the 18.0, 21.0 and 37.0 GHz SMMR channels with simultaneous infrared measurements of cloud top height for retrieving cloud temperature differential and thickness over the ocean. The results suggest it is possible to infer cloud vertical thickness to approximately 0.4 km rms accuracy and cloud temperature differential to approximately 3 C rms. These accuracies are approximately half the a priori variances.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 1894-189
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  • 8
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    Microwave atmospheric temperature sounding - Effects of clouds on the Nimbus 5 satellite data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The microwave spectrometer on the Nimbus 5 earth observatory satellite has been used to measure thermal radiation in five frequency bands between 22.235 and 58.8 GHz. Clouds were observed to affect less than 0.5% of the temperature profile soundings. Most such effects occur in the intertropical convergence zone and alter the inferred temperature profile by less than a few degrees Centigrade. These effects are evident as cold spots at 53.65 GHz and can be identified by virtue of their small spatial extent, in contrast to smooth variations characteristic of normal atmospheric temperature fields. These effects at 53.65 GHz are sufficiently well correlated with inferred liquid water abundances that they can be used for detecting major storm systems over both land and sea.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Oct. 197
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  • 9
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    Remote sensing of atmospheric temperature profiles with the Nimbus 5 microwave spectrometer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper discusses the accuracy of atmospheric vertical temperature profile measurements performed by the Nimbus 5 microwave spectrometer and compares results obtained during the first 6 months of its operation with independent ground-truth measurements (coincident radiosonde measurements). The microwave spectrometer can measure temperature profiles averaged over the instrument weighting function (about 10 km) layers with a root-mean-square accuracy of a few tenths of a degree K for measurement integration times of 16 s. Lower tropospheric temperature data from the spectrometer measurements is used in the numerical weather prediction model of the National Meteorological Center.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Oct. 197
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  • 10
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    Microwave spectroscopic imagery of the earth (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The microwave spectrometer on the Nimbus 6 satellite has produced the first microwave spectral images of the earth. It has yielded global maps of (1) atmospheric temperature profiles, (2) the distributions of water vapor and liquid water over ocean, and (3) the coverage and type of ice and snow. The method has potential for operational synoptic monitoring.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science; 197; Sept. 2
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