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  • 1
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    An analysis of the Antarctic Halogen Occultation Experiment trace gas observations (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Analysis of the version 16 Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) CH4 data shows that this long-lived trace gas is well correlated with potential vorticity (PV) computed from National Meteorological Center balanced winds. Analyzing late September and October 1992 data, we show that very low CH4 values are confined to the interior of a vortex edge defined by the maximum gradient in PV. The CH4 and HF time tendency is used to estimate the descent rate in the Antarctic vortex. After removing a component of the trend correlated with the HALOE sampling pattern, we compute the lower stratosphere vertical descent rates and net heaing rates in the spring Antarctic vortex. Our computations of the spring Antarctic vortex heating rates give -0.5 to -0.1 K/day. Over the winter season, the overall lower stratospheric descent rate averages about 1.8-1.5 km/month. These computations are in line with radiative transfer estimates of the heating and descent rate. The HALOE data thus appear to be consistent with the picture of an isolated lower stratospheric Antarctic vortex.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; D3; p. 5159-5172
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  • 2
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    A simulation of the Cerro Hudson SO2 cloud (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An isentropic trajectory model is used to simulate the evolution of the southern hemisphere SO2 cloud associated with the eruption of Cerro Hudson. By matching the parcel trajectories with total ozone mapping spectrometer SO2 retrievals, the principal stratospheric injection region is determined to be between 11 and 16 km in altitude. This region is characterized by weak wind shears and is located just poleward of the subtropical jet in the outer fringe of the stratospheric polar vortex. The lack of wind shear in the injection region explains the slow zonal dispersal of the SO2 cloud which was still clearly observed 19 days after the eruption. The trajectory model simulation of the SO2 cloud shows good agreement with observations for 7 days after the eruption. Using the potential vorticity and potential temperature estimates of the initial eruption cloud, the cloud position relative to the polar night jet is shown to be nearly fixed up to September 2, 1991, which was as long as the cloud was observed. This result suggests that the lower stratospheric polar and midlatitude regions are nearly isolated from each other during the late August period.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; D2; p. 2949-2955.
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  • 3
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    The structure of the polar vortex (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper develops a comparative picture of the 1987 Southern Hemisphere and 1989 Northern Hemisphere lower stratospheric, polar vortex circulation and constituent distributions as observed by the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, August 17-September 22, 1987, and Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition, January 3-February 19, 1989 aircraft campaigns. Overall, both polar vortices define a region of highly isolated air, where the exchange of trace gases occurs principally at the vortex edge through erosional wave activity. Aircraft measurement showed that between 50 and 100 mbar, horizontally stratified long-lived tracers such as N2O are displaced downward 2-3 km on the cyclonic (poleward) side of the jet with the meridional tracer gradient sharpest at the jet core. Eddy mixing rates, computed using parcel ensemble statistics, are an order of magnitude or more lower on the cyclonic side of the jet compared to those on the anticyclonic side. Poleward zonal mean meridional flow on the anticyclonic side of the jet terminates in a descent zone at the jet core.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D8, M
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  • 4
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    A model of stationary gravity wave breakdown with convective adjustment (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A steady WKB model of gravity wave propagation including convective adjustment is used to investigate approximations used in various gravity-wave parameterization schemes. First, it is shown that estimates of the wave breaking height assuming a single horizontal wavenumber gravity wave can lead to errors if the topography is not sinusoidal. Second, the model results show that the assumption that wave growth ceases with the onset of convection or shear instability is an oversimplification. Since convection appears first over a very limited spatial region of the wave field, the wave is initially unaffected by turbulent mixing. However, when the convection zone spreads over a large portion of the wave field the amplitude is constrained. Estimates of the heat flux by breaking gravity waves are used to develop a simple parameterization of the vertical diffusion in terms of the Reynolds stress.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 45; 980-992
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  • 5
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    A computation of the stratospheric diabatic circulation using an accurate radiative transfer model (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The global diabatic circulation is computed for the months of January, April, July and October over the altitude region 100 to 0.1 mb using an accurate troposphere-stratosphere radiative transfer model, SBUV and SME ozone data, and NMC temperatures. There is high correlation between the level of wave activity and the local departure of the atmosphere from radiative equilibrium. An excess in the globally averaged net stratospheric heating from 40 to 50 km is computed for all months, and a deficit from 50 to 60 km is computed during solstice. A 20 percent uniform reduction in ozone from 40 to 50 km, or a temperature perturbation with an increase of 5 K at 1 mb, will bring the atmosphere into global radiative equilibrium without significant impact on the diabatic circulation. In the transitional months of April and October, the net heating in the fall hemispheres are very similar, while substantial differences exist between the spring hemispheres.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 859-876
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  • 6
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    Monthly mean global climatology of temperature, wind, geopotential height and pressure for 0-120 km (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents a monthly mean climatology of zonal mean temperature, zonal wind, and geopotential height with nearly pole-to-pole coverage (80 deg S-80 deg N) for 0-120 km which can be used as a function of altitude and pressure. This climatology reproduces most of the characteristic features of the atmosphere such as the lowering and cooling of the mesopause and the lowering and warming of the stratopause during the summer months at high latitudes. A series of zonal wind profiles is also presented comparing this climatological wind with monthly mean climatological direct wind measurements in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The two data sets compare well below 80 km, with some general seasonal trend agreement observed above 80 km. The zonal wind at the equator presented here simulates the observed features of the semiannual oscillation in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 10; 6, 19
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  • 7
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    The morphology and meteorology of Southern Hemisphere spring total ozone mini-holes (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two case studies of miniholes, rapid ozone decreases, noted in 1987 near the base of the Antarctic peninsula are studied using a digital filter. The results show a strong correlation of the total ozone minihole with a temperature minihole (a negative temperature perturbation), and a westward tilt with altitude of the temperature minihole. The ozone minihole is phase shifted both slightly to the east of a high in the geopotential height field and slightly to the west of a local low in the Ertel potential vorticity field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 15; 923-926
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  • 8
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    Breakdown of vertically propagating two-dimensional gravity waves forced by orography (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The propagation of orographic gravity waves into an atmosphere with exponentially decreasing density is simulated with a two-dimensional, nonlinear, time-dependent numerical model. After the stationary wave is established over the mountain, the model predicts that wave breaking causes a large reduction of the vertical momentum flux in the flow, not only at levels where wave breaking is present, but also far below the lowest occurrence of overturning. More than half of the decrease in momentum flux is explained by the presence of large amplitude, downward propagating waves, which are generated in regions of wave breaking. The downward propagating waves appear almost simultaneously with overturning, and have nonzero phase speeds, suggesting a strongly nonlinear generation mechanism that depends on local wave properties. The generation of these downward propagating waves is a robust process, insensitive to mountain height, mountain width, or density scale height. These results have important implications for observational studies of orographically generated waves as well as for schemes that seek to parameterize the effects of orogoraphy in large-scale models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 46; 2109-213
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  • 9
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    Meteorological atlas of the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere for January and February 1989 during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Northern Hemisphere meteorological data for the months of January and February 1989 in the lower stratosphere are shown. National Meteorological Center (NMC) data, and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data are used to display polar stereographic projections of 100-mb temperatures, 50-mb temperatures, 50-mb geopotential heights, total ozone, and Ertel's potential vorticity (Epv) on both 400 K and 460 K isentropic surfaces. In addition, latitude/height cross sections at 10 E of balanced wind isotachs, wind vectors, potential temperature, and temperature are also shown. Horizontal traces of NASA ER-2 and DC-8 flight tracks are also included. Vertical profiles of NMC temperatures following flight paths of both aircraft are shown. In addition, vertical profiles of wind speed are contoured following the ER-2 for estimating the lateral penetration into the polar vortex, while vertical profiles of Ertel's potential vorticity are included for estimating the vertical penetration of the DC-8 into the stratosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-4145 , REPT-89B00264 , NAS 1.15:4145
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  • 10
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    Monthly mean global climatology of temperature, wind, geopotential height, and pressure for 0 - 120 km (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A monthly mean climatology is presented of temperature, wind, and geopotential height with nearly pole-to-pole coverage (80 S to 80 N) for 0 to 210 km, which can be used as a function of altitude and pressure. The purpose is to provide a reference for various atmospheric research and analysis activities. Data sources and methods of computation are described; in general, hydrostatic and thermal wind balance are maintained at all levels and latitudes. As observed in a series of cross-sectional plots, this climatology accurately reproduces most of the characteristic features of the atmosphere such as equatorial wind and the general structure of the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause. A series of zonal wind profiles is also represented comparing this climatological wind with monthly mean climatological direct wind measurements in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The temperature and zonal wind climatology at stratospheric levels is compared with corresponding data from the National Meteorological Center, and general agreement is observed between the two data sets. Tables of the climatological values as a function of latitude and height for each month are contained in Appendix B, and are also available in floppy disk.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-100697 , REPT-88B0092 , NAS 1.15:100697
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