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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (20)
  • 1
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    New parameterizations and sensitivities for simple climate models (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper presents a reexamination of the earth radiation budget parameterization of energy balance climate models in light of data collected over the last 12 years. The study consists of three parts: (1) an examination of the infrared terrestrial radiation to space and its relationship to the surface temperature field on time scales from 1 month to 10 years; (2) an examination of the albedo of the earth with special attention to the seasonal cycle of snow and clouds; (3) solutions for the seasonal cycle using the new parameterizations with special attention to changes in sensitivity. While the infrared parameterization is not dramatically different from that used in the past, the albedo in the new data suggest that a stronger latitude dependence be employed. After retuning the diffusion coefficient the simulation results for the present climate generally show only a slight dependence on the new parameters. Also, the sensitivity parameter for the model is still about the same (1.25 C for a 1 percent increase of solar constant) for the linear models and for the nonlinear models that include a seasonal snow line albedo feedback (1.34 C). One interesting feature is that a clear-sky planet with a snow line albedo feedback has a significantly higher sensitivity (2.57 C) due to the absence of smoothing normally occurring in the presence of average cloud cover.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; D3; p. 5025-5036.
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  • 2
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    A proposed tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) satellite (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite (presently in its third year of planning), is described. The TRMM satellite, planned for an operational duration of at least three years beginning in the mid-1990s, is intended to obtain high-quality measurements of tropical precipitation by means of information derived from a quantitative spaceborne radar, a multichannel passive microwave radiometer, and an AVHRR. The satellite's orbit will be low-altitude (320 km), for high resolution, and low-inclination (30 to 35 deg), for making it possible to visit each sampling area twice a day. Radar and passive microwave algorithms and rain-retrieval algorithms to be used in precipitation measurements are discussed together with cloud dynamical models designed to test these algorithms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 69; 278-295
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  • 3
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    Sampling errors in satellite estimates of tropical rain (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The GATE rainfall data set is used in a statistical study to estimate the sampling errors that might be expected for the type of snapshot sampling that a low earth-orbiting satellite makes. For averages over the entire 400-km square and for the duration of several weeks, strong evidence is found that sampling errors less than 10 percent can be expected in contributions from each of four rain rate categories which individually account for about one quarter of the total rain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9567-957
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  • 4
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    Sampling error study for rainfall estimate by satellite using a stochastic model (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In a parameter study of satellite orbits, sampling errors of area-time averaged rain rate due to temporal sampling by satellites were estimated. The sampling characteristics were studied by accounting for the varying visiting intervals and varying fractions of averaging area on each visit as a function of the latitude of the grid box for a range of satellite orbital parameters. The sampling errors were estimated by a simple model based on the first-order Markov process of the time series of area averaged rain rates. For a satellite of nominal Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (Thiele, 1987) carrying an ideal scanning microwave radiometer for precipitation measurements, it is found that sampling error would be about 8 to 12 pct of estimated monthly mean rates over a grid box of 5 X 5 degrees. It is suggested that an observation system based on a low inclination satellite combined with a sunsynchronous satellite simultaneously might be the best candidate for making precipitation measurements from space.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 27; 1218-123
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  • 5
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    Estimation of mean rain rate - Application to satellite observations (1990)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method for the estimation of the mean area average rain rate from dependent data is developed and applied to the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment data. The method consists of fitting a mixed distribution, containing an atom at zero, by minimum chi-square in combination with certain time-space sampling designs. In modeling the continuous component of the mixed distribution, it is shown that the lognormal distribution provides a very close fit for the nonzero area average rainrates. A comparison with the gamma distribution shows that the lognormal distribution is a better choice as expressed by the minimum chi-square criterion. Some of the time-space sampling designs correspond to satellite sampling. The results indicate that a satellite visiting an area of about 350 x 350 sq km in the tropics approximately every 10 hours over a period can provide a rather close estimate for the mean area average rain rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 1965-197
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  • 6
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    Sampling errors for satellite-derived tropical rainfall - Monte Carlo study using a space-time stochastic model (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Estimates of monthly average rainfall based on satellite observations from a low earth orbit will differ from the true monthly average because the satellite observes a given area only intermittently. This sampling error inherent in satellite monitoring of rainfall would occur even if the satellite instruments could measure rainfall perfectly. The size of this error is estimated for a satellite system being studied at NASA, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). First, the statistical description of rainfall on scales from 1 to 1000 km is examined in detail, based on rainfall data from the Global Atmospheric Research Project Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). A TRMM-like satellite is flown over a two-dimensional time-evolving simulation of rainfall using a stochastic model with statistics tuned to agree with GATE statistics. The distribution of sampling errors found from many months of simulated observations is found to be nearly normal, even though the distribution of area-averaged rainfall is far from normal. For a range of orbits likely to be employed in TRMM, sampling error is found to be less than 10 percent of the mean for rainfall averaged over a 500 x 500 sq km area.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 2195-220
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  • 7
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    The beam filling error in the Nimbus 5 electronically scanning microwave radiometer observations of Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment rainfall (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comparison of rain rates retrieved from the Nimbus 5 electronically scanning microwave radiometer brightness temperatures and observed from shipboard radars during the Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) phase I shows that the beam filling error is the major source of discrepancy between the two. When averaged over a large scene (the GATE radar array, 400 km in diameter), the beam filling error is quite stable, being 50 percent of the observed rain rate. This suggests the simple procedure of multiplying retrieved rain rates by 2 (correction factor). A statistical model of the beam filling error is developed by envisioning an idealized instrument field-of-view that encompasses an entire gamma distribution of rain rates. A modeled correction factor near 2 is found for rain rate and temperature characteristics consistent with GATE conditions. The statistical model also suggests that the correction factor varies from 1.5 to 2.5 for suppressed to enhanced tropical convective regimes, and decreases to 1.5 as the freezing level and average depth of the rain column decreases to 2.5 km.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 2187-219
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  • 8
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    Analysis of energy balance models using the ERBE data set (1991)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A review of Energy Balance Models is presented. Results from the Outgoing Longwave Radiation parameterization are discussed. The albedo parameterizations and the consequences of the new parameterizations are examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-188002 , NAS 1.26:188002
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  • 9
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    Climate Fluctuations and Climate Sensitivity (1990)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-23
    Description: Some evidence is presented that the main part of the atmospheric climate system is such that small forcings in the heat balance lead to linear responses in the surface temperature field. By examining first a noise forced energy-balance climate model and then comparing it with a long run of a highly symmetrical general circulation model, one finds a remarkable connection between spatial autocorrelation statistics and the thermal influence function for a point heat source. These findings are brought together to indicate that this particular climatological field may be largely governed by linear processes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Climate Impact of Solar Variability; p 207-218
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  • 10
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    The ground-truth problem for satellite estimates of rain rate (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In this paper a scheme is proposed to use a point raingage to compare contemporaneous measurements of rain rate from a single-field-of-view (FOV) estimate based on a satellite remote sensor such as a microwave radiometer. Even in the ideal case the measurements are different because one is at a point and the other is an area average over the field of view. Also the point gage will be located randomly inside the field of view on different overpasses. A space-time spectral formalism is combined with a simple stochastic rain field to find the mean-square deviations between the two systems. It is found that by combining about 60 visits of the satellite to the ground-truth site, the expected error can be reduced to about 10% of the standard deviation of the fluctuations of the systems alone. This seems to be a useful level of tolerance in terms of isolating and evaluating typical biases that might be contaminating retrieval algorithms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 11; 4, pt; p. 1035-1041
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