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  • 1
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    Near-infrared spectrophotometry of the satellites and rings of Uranus (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New spectrophotometry from 1.5 to 2.5 microns is reported for the Uranian satellites Titania, Oberon, and Umbriel. A spectrum of the rings of Uranus from 2.0 to 2.4 microns is also reported. No evidence is found for frost covering the surface of the ring material, consistent with the low albedo of the rings previously reported by Nicholson and Jones (1980). The surfaces of the satellites are found to be covered by dirty water frost. Assuming albedos of the frost and gray components covering the Uranian satellites to be the same as the light and dark faces of Iapetus, radii are derived that are roughly twice those inferred from the assumption of a visual albedo of 0.5.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 45; Mar. 198
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Spectra of the Jovian ring and Amalthea (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements made between 0.887 and 2.4 microns demonstrate that the Jovian ring and Amalthea have similar reflection spectra. The spectra, in particular the ratio of the 0.9- to 2.2-micron reflectivities, are inconsistent with those expected from water, ammonia, or methane frosts, but are consistent with reflection from large rock bodies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 86; Apr. 198
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  • 3
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    Thermal response of Saturn's ring particles during and after eclipse (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The investigation is based on data which were obtained on May 18, 1978, at the 5-m Hale telescope on Palomar Mountain. A Ge:Ga bolometer was used at the f/70 Gregorian focus; a cold interference filter limited the wavelength response to between 16 and 26 micrometers. A brightness asymmetry is observed between the ansae of all three rings; the largest asymmetry occurs in the C ring. The simplest explanation of such asymmetries is just the eclipse cooling and subsequent heating of similar particles at different radial distances from Saturn, coupled with the different travel times from eclipse exit to east ansa. The observed eclipse cooling and subsequent heating in Saturn's B ring support the idea that the uppermost surface of the particles is of low-conductivity water frost, similar to the uppermost surface of the Galilean satellites (omitting Io).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 46; Apr. 198
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  • 4
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    Pioneer Saturn infrared radiometer - Preliminary results (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preliminary results of the infrared radiometer experiment on Pioneer Saturn are reported. The instrument made use of two broadband channels centered at 20 and 45 microns which scan at a fixed 75-deg angle with respect to the spacecraft spin axis to acquire 10,000 image pairs of Saturn and its rings in the 2.5 h before closest approach, as well as several observations of Titan. The intensities of radiation observed in both bands indicate an effective temperature of 94.4 + or - 3 K for the planet, implying a total emission greater than twice the absorbed sunlight. Infrared data also indicates a molecular abundance of 0.85 for H2 relative to H2 + He, which can be improved by comparing the derived temperature profiles and radio occultation data. Planetary temperatures are found to range from a minimum of 83 to 140 K at the 1 bar level, with differences of 2.5 K between belts and zones up to the 0.06-bar level, while ring temperatures range from 60 to 70 K on the illuminated side and from less than 60 to 67 K in the planet's shadow and average 55 K on the unilluminated side. Preliminary estimates indicate a 45-micron brightness temperature of 80 + or - 10 K for Titan.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Scientific results from the Pioneer Saturn infrared radiometer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data on Saturn and its rings are presented, obtained by the Pioneer 11 infrared radiometer in broadband channels, centered at 20 and 45 microns. Assuming symmetry about the equator and a constant flux poleward of 7.5 deg latitude, an average effective temperature of 96.5 + or - 2.5 K indicates a total emission which is 2.8 times that of the absorbed sunlight. Temperatures at the 1 bar level are 137 and 140 K, and a minimum temperature averaging 87 K is registered near the 0.06 bar level. Ring boundaries and optical depths are consistent with those at optical wavelengths. Ring temperatures are 54-86 K on the south side, approximately 54 K on the north side, and at least 67 K in Saturn's shadow.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 6
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    Maps of the rings of Uranus at a wavelength of 2.2 microns (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Maps of the ring system of Uranus, as seen in reflected sunlight at a wavelength of 2.2 microns, are presented for May 1978 and July 1979. Large azimuthal brightness variations revealed by these maps are consistent with the variable width established for the epsilon ring from occultation studies and support the existing elliptical model for this ring. An upper limit of approximately 0.010 is placed on the normal optical depth of any broad (approximately 5000 km wide) axisymmetric ring component. There exists, however, an unexplained east-west asymmetry in the May 1978 map. In addition, multiaperture broadband infrared photometry of Uranus is reported, from which the geometric albedo of the planet at wavelengths of 1.25, 1.65, and 2.2 microns and the geometric albedo of the rings at 2.2 microns are derived.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 52; Oct. 198
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    The diameter and albedo of 1943 Anteros (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of broadband visual and infrared photometry of the Apollo-Amor asteroid 1943 Anteros during its 1980 apparition are reported. By means of a radiometric model, a diameter of 2.3 + or - 0.2 km and a visual geometric albedo of 0.13 + or - 0.03 is calculated. The albedo and reflectance spectrum of Anteros imply that it is a type S asteroid. Thus, Anteros may have a silicate surface similar to other Apollo-Amor asteroids as well as some stony-iron meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 46; May 1981
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  • 8
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    The 1.5-2.5 microns spectrum of Pluto (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New spectrophotometric observations of Pluto from 1.5-2.5 micron with a resolution of 0.05 are reported. The new observations confirm the presence of methane frost on the surface of Pluto.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Feb. 198
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  • 9
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    The near-infrared reflectivity of the dark and light faces of Iapetus (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 84; Oct. 197
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  • 10
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    One-millimeter brightness temperatures of the planets (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are reported for a bolometric determination of the relative brightness at a wavelength of 1 mm of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The relative measurements are converted to absolute temperatures by using a thermal model for Mars, which was checked by observations of Mars and Jupiter at two different epochs. The mean planetary disk temperatures are found to be 320 + or 16 K for Mercury, 276 + or - 14 K for Venus, 145 + or - 7 K for Saturn, 168 + or - 8 K for Jupiter, 87 + or - 7 K for Uranus, and 96 + or - 10 K for Neptune. These results are compared with previous determinations at other wavelengths, and some aspects of the observations of the individual planets are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 35; Sept
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