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  • 1
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    Mars - Far-infrared spectra and thermal-emission models (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectra of Mars from 100 to 360 kaysers were obtained during three different observation periods from NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Also, a new thermal model was constructed for the surface of Mars, and synthetic spectra were computed from the models to compare with the observations. The models include the effects of a dusty atmosphere which absorbs, scatters, and reradiates energy. The synthetic spectra show significant effects on disk-averaged brightness temperatures, as well as absorption features due to silicate dust. The spectra of Mars, which are ratios of Mars to the moon, do not fit the synthetic spectra unless the surface emissivities of Mars and the moon have different dependencies on wavelength. A possible explanation for this behavior is a difference in soil particle-size distributions between Mars and the moon, with Mars being depleted in large particles compared to the moon. Small particles are consistent with clay minerals which have been suggested elsewhere as constituents of the Martian surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 48; Nov. 198
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  • 2
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    The mean Jovian temperature structure derived from spectral observations from 105 to 630 cm kaysers (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Far infrared observations of the thermal emission of Jupiter are used to determine the temperature at 1 bar. High-altitude observations of the whole-disk brightness temperature of Jupiter in the range of 100 to 347 kaysers were inverted to obtain a P-T profile between 1.5 and 0.06 atm, assuming as opacity sources the H2 collisionally induced continuum and the rotation inversion bands of ammonia. The P-T profile derived from the spectrum reproduces the main features of the observed spectrum, with a slightly improved fit if the effects of ammonia haze opacity or NH3 supersaturation in the saturated region are taken into account. The Jovian temperature is found to be 160 + or - 7 K at 1 bar, and 105 + or - 3 K at the inversion level at 0.15 bar. The 1-bar temperature is shown to be consistent with Jovian interior models which match the observed gravitational moment.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 40; Oct. 197
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  • 3
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    The abundances of ethane to acetylene in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The present determination of the stratospheric abundances of ethane and acetylene on Jupiter and Saturn on the basis of IR spectra near 780/cm uses atmospheric models whose thermal and density profiles have constant mixing ratios. The ratio of ethane to acetylene is noted to be insensitive to model atmosphere assumptions; it is 55 + or - 31 for Jupiter and 23 + or - 12 where model mixing ratios are uniform. Atmospheric model density profiles adapted from theoretical photochemical models are noted to also yield a higher ethane/acetylene ratios for Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Inst. for Space Studies The Jovian Atmospheres; p 109
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Triton - Do we see to the surface? (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The quantity and physical state of methane and nitrogen in the atmosphere of Neptune's satellite Triton and on the surface are evaluated by means of new telescopic data and laboratory measurements of these volatiles. Methane ice is seen in some spectral regions, indicating that the atmosphere is sufficiently transparent to permit sunlight penetration to the surface. Some of the molecular nitrogen absorption occurs in the atmosphere, though some must occur in condensed nitrogen (liquid or solid) on Triton's surface, or in a thin cloud of condensed nitrogen. The Voyager spacecraft cameras should see the surface of Triton.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 245; 283-286
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  • 5
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    The thermal structure of Saturn: Inferences from ground-based and airborne infrared observations (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Spectroscopic and photometric infrared observations of Saturn are reviewed and compared to the expected flux from thermal structure models. Large uncertainties exist in the far-infrared measurements, but the available data indicate that the effective temperature of the disk of Saturn is 90 + or - 5 K. The thermal structure models proposed by Tokunaga and Cess and by Gautier et al. (model 'N') agree best with the observations. North-South limb scans of Saturn at 10 and 20 micrometers show that the temperature inversion is much stronger at the South polar region than at the equator.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: JPL The Saturn System; p 53-72
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    New observational constraints on the temperature inversions of Uranus and Neptune (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The presence of a temperature inversion in the lower stratospheres of both Uranus and Neptune is confirmed by the 20-micron photometric data presented. It is found that the brightness temperature difference between 17.8 and 19.6 microns is 0.8 + or - 0.5 K for Uranus and 1.8 + or - 0.6 K for Neptune, implying that the temperature inversions of both planets are weaker than previously thought. Comparisons with model atmospheres suggested by Appleby (1980) imply that these temperature inversions may be understood as a consequence of heating through CH4 and aerosol absorption of sunlight. The stratospheric CH4 mixing ratio of Neptune must, however, be higher than that at the temperature minimum.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 53; Jan. 198
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  • 7
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    Further observations of 8-micron polar brightenings of Jupiter (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: North-to-south scans of Jupiter at 7.8-micron wavelength in early 1981 confirm polar brightening events that correlate with LCM (III), such that a polar limb is bright when the corresponding magnetic pole is tilted earthward. The correlation with magnetic features of the planet suggests that the energy source for the brightenings is magnetospheric particles incident upon the polar regions of the atmosphere. The northern polar events are more prominent and more regular than the southern ones. The polar emission may be indirectly related to the ultraviolet absorber observed near the poles by Voyager 2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 53; Jan. 198
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  • 8
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    The diameter and albedo of 1943 Anteros (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of broadband visual and infrared photometry of the Apollo-Amor asteroid 1943 Anteros during its 1980 apparition are reported. By means of a radiometric model, a diameter of 2.3 + or - 0.2 km and a visual geometric albedo of 0.13 + or - 0.03 is calculated. The albedo and reflectance spectrum of Anteros imply that it is a type S asteroid. Thus, Anteros may have a silicate surface similar to other Apollo-Amor asteroids as well as some stony-iron meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 46; May 1981
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  • 9
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    Latitudinal variations in Jovian stratospheric temperature (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Ground-based observations of Jupiter show that the planet's stratospheric and tropospheric thermal emission are anticorrelated. The observations can possibly be explained by latitudinal variations in cloud altitude. These variations cause differential stratospheric heating by sunlight which is reflected off the clouds and then absorbed within the stratosphere by visible and near-infrared bands of methane.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 46; May 1981
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  • 10
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    Temporal characteristics of the Jovian atmosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Drift scans along the central meridian of Jupiter have been obtained at wavelengths of 7.9, 17.8, and 19.7 microns. These observations indicate a significant north-south temperature asymmetry within the Jovian stratosphere but not within its troposphere, results which agree with the recent Voyager 1 observations. Employing a time-dependent stratospheric model, it is found that the observed north-south asymmetry is consistent with seasonal stratospheric variability. In the model, the primary cause for this variability is the time-dependent absorption of sunlight by aerosols.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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