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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Greenbug ; Schizaphis graminum ; Sorghum bicolor ; Host-plant resistance ; Aphid biotypes ; Conditioning ; Electronic monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wachstum und Fortpflanzung beim kürzlich entdeckten Biotyp E (GBE) von Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) war ungefähr zweimal grösser als bei Biotyp C (GBC) und zwar auf der GBC-resistenten Sorghumsorte IS 809. Das Stechverhalten beider Biotypen wurde auf IS 809 elektronisch verfolgt. GBE-Läuse begannen erheblich schneller mit der ununterbrochenen Saftaufnahme (dh Saftaufnahme, die mehr als 15 Minuten anhielt) als GBC-Läuse. Die Gesamtzeit der Saftaufnahme innerhalb 24 Stunden war bei GBE erheblich länger als bei GBC. Dies ist zum Teil darauf zurückzuführen, dass die GBE-Läuse weniger Zeit brauchten, um mit der ununterbrochenen Saftaufnahme zu beginnen. Wenn diese einmal begonnen hatte, nahmen beide Biotypen gewöhnlich während langer Perioden (über 8 Stunden) Saft von IS 809 auf. Weitere Experimente zeigten, dass GBC-Läuse, die mindestens 24 Stunden vor der Beobachtungszeit Zugang zu IS 809 gehabt hatten, Saft schneller fanden, ununterbrochene Saftaufnahme früher begannen und die Saftaufnahme länger fortsetzten als GBC, die vorher nicht Zugang zu dieser Sorte gehabt hatten. Die Bedeutung dieser Beobachtungen für das Verständnis des Resistenzmechanismus von IS 809 gegen GBC und des Zusammenbruchs dieser Resistenz gegen GBE wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary A recently discovered biotype of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), biotype E (GBE), was found to grow and reproduce at approximately twice the rate of biotype C (GBC) on a GBC-resistant variety of sorghum, IS 809. The probing behavior of both biotypes was electronically monitored on IS 809. Aphids of GBE established committed phloem ingestion (CPI) (i.e., ingestion from the phloem lasting 〉 15 min) in a significantly shorter amount of time than did aphids of GBC. The total duration of phloem ingestion during a 24 hr period was significantly longer for GBE than for GBC, but this can be partially accounted for by the shorter time needed for aphids of GBE to establish initial CPI. Once CPI was initiated, aphids of both biotypes tended to ingest for long periods (〉 8 hr) from the phloem of IS 809 during the 24 hr assay. Further experiments showed that GBC exposed to IS 809 for at least 24 hr prior to being monitored on this variety also reached the phloem faster, established CPI sooner, and spent longer feeding from the phloem than did GBC without previous exposure to this variety. The significance of these findings towards an understanding of the mechanism of resistance of IS 809 to GBC and to the breakdown of this resistance to GBE is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; α-tomatine ; sterols ; sterol esters ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoids ; Hyposoter exiguae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solitary, endoparasitic ichneumonid,Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) is a parasitoid of the tomato fruitworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie). However, the parasitoid is deleteriously affected by the tomato glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine, ingested from hosts (H. zea) fed on artificial diets or semipurified extracts of tomato plants that contained α-tomatine. α-Tomatine causes prolonged larval development; disruption or prevention of pupal eclosion; deformation of antennal, abdominal, and genital structures; and reduction in adult weight and longevity of the parasitoid. These toxic effects are exacerbated when the dietary dose of α-tomatine is increased from 12 μmol to 20 μmol/g dry wt of diet. However, the toxicity of α-tomatine is attenuated in parasitoids reared from hosts fed on artificial diets that contain equimolar or supramolar amounts of 3β-OH-sterols admixed with α-tomatine. Further, the toxicity of extracts from the foliage of different cultivars of tomatoes toH. exiguae is contingent upon the composite levels of α-tomatine and total phytosterol (free and esterified). Cultivars with a low total sterol-tomatine ratio are more toxic toH. exiguae. The possible mode of action of α-tomatine toxicity toH. exiguae by disruption of sterol metabolism is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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