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  • 1
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    Model studies of nitric oxide fluorescence in the earth's backscattered spectrum (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Fluorescent emissions from nitric oxide appear imposed upon the Rayleigh backscattered spectrum of the earth's atmosphere between 250 and 300 nm in wavelength. Satellite instruments designed to monitor the global ozone distribution can routinely observe these signals although techniques for exploiting the data are not yet available. Application of a radiative transfer equation developed for an atmosphere including absorption by ozone, molecular scattering, and nitric oxide fluorescence shows the three most prominent NO emissions relative to the 250-300 nm backscattered sunlight to be the (1,4), (1,6), and (0,3) gamma bands. Analysis of the contribution function for each emission band indicates that the fluorescent signals can provide useful information on the magnitude and variability of nitric oxide between 40 and 140 km in altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 30; Feb. 198
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    The surface albedo of the earth in the near ultraviolet /330-340 nm/ (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellite-borne measurements of solar radiation backscattered by the earth and atmosphere allow a determination of the surface albedo in the near ultraviolet. The data yielded albedos at tropical latitudes during a 15-month period in 1979-1980. The wavelengths studied are 331.2 and 339.8 nm. Sixty-nine percent of the measurements imply albedos less than 0.3. Higher values include a contribution due to reflection from clouds and are consistent with previous estimates of the fractional cloudover in the tropics. An albedo histogram based on a bin width of 0.1 shows results in the range 0.1-0.2 to be the most frequent, appearing in 29% of the cases, although values which span the entire range 0.0-1.0 are present. The derived albedos show no correlation with solar zenith angle. This result is consistent with the fact that, at the wavelengths considered, the diffuse integrated intensity is larger than the attenuated direct solar beam near the ground.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 11; Nov. 198
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Natural variability of tropical upper stratospheric ozone inferred from the Atmosphere Explorer backscatter ultraviolet experiment (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analysis of backscattered ultraviolet radiances observed at tropical latitudes by the Atmosphere Explorer-E satellite reveals both annual and semiannual cycles in upper stratospheric ozone. The annual variation dominates the signal at wavelengths which sense ozone primarily above 45 km while below this, to the lowest altitude sensed, 35 km, the semiannual component has comparable amplitude. Comparison of radiance measurements taken with the same instrument at solar minimum during 1976 and solar maximum in 1979 show no significant differences. This suggests that variations in upper stratospheric ozone over the solar cycle are small, although the data presently available do not allow a definite conclusion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; May 1981
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  • 4
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    An observed annual cycle in tropical upper stratospheric and mesospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of more than one year of backscattered ultraviolet radiances obtained from an equatorial orbit by the Atmosphere Explorer-E satellite reveals an annual cycle in tropical, high altitude ozone which shows no latitude dependence between 20 degrees south and 20 degrees north. The amplitude of the variation increases with altitude. In the 35 to 45 km altitude region statistics of the data suggest no variation whatsoever, while in the lower mesosphere the radiances indicate an ozone increase of 25 to 30 percent between January and July with a decrease thereafter provided the solar irradiance remained constant except for the variation with earth-sun distance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Sept
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  • 5
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    Dayglow emissions of the O2 Herzberg bands and the Rayleigh backscattered spectrum of the earth (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that numerous fluorescent emissions from the Herzberg bands of molecular oxygen lie in the spectral region 242-300 nm. This coincides with the wavelength range used by orbiting spectrometers that observe the Rayleigh backscattered spectrum of the earth for the purpose of monitoring the vertical distribution of stratospheric ozone. Model calculations suggest that Herzberg band emissions in the dayglow could provide significant contamination of the ozone measurements if the quenching rate of O2(A3Sigma) is sufficiently small. It is noted that this is especially true near 255 nm, where the most intense fluorescent emissions relative to the Rayleigh scattered signal are located and where past satellite measurements have shown a persistent excess radiance above that expected for a pure ozone absorbing and molecular scattering atmosphere. Very small quenching rates, however, are adequate to reduce the dayglow emission to negligible levels. Noting that available laboratory data have not definitely established the quenching on the rate of O2(A3Sigma) as a function of vibration level, it is emphasized that such information is required before the Herzberg band contributions can be evaluated with confidence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 30; June 198
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  • 6
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    The Delta band dissociation of nitric oxide - A potential mechanism for coupling thermospheric variations to the mesosphere and stratosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Depletion of solar radiation at discrete wavelengths by nitric oxide has a significant impact on the dissociation rate of this gas in the delta(0, 0) and delta(1, 0) bands. Inclusion of the opacity provided by a typical NO profile reduces the dissociation rate in the upper stratosphere to 50-75 pct of that predicted when the optical depth calculation omits this contribution. A substantial fraction of the NO column abundance as measured near the stratopause resides in the lower thermosphere where correlations of NO with solar and magnetic activity are well documented. Variations in the thermospheric NO abundance therefore modulate the radiation field at the precise wavelengths absorbed by this molecule in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. Predicted changes in the dissociation rate arising from a varying thermospheric opacity exceed 8 pct throughout the mesosphere and reach 15 pct between 65 km and 95 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; April 20
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