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  • Environmental education  (1)
  •  Carbon dioxide   (1)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Institute of Biological Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in BioScience 62 (2012): 342-253, doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.4.6.
    Description: The US Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network enters its fourth decade with a distinguished record of achievement in ecological science. The value of long-term observations and experiments has never been more important for testing ecological theory and for addressing today's most difficult environmental challenges. The network's potential for tackling emergent continent-scale questions such as cryosphere loss and landscape change is becoming increasingly apparent on the basis of a capacity to combine long-term observations and experimental results with new observatory-based measurements, to study socioecological systems, to advance the use of environmental cyberinfrastructure, to promote environmental science literacy, and to engage with decisionmakers in framing major directions for research. The long-term context of network science, from understanding the past to forecasting the future, provides a valuable perspective for helping to solve many of the crucial environmental problems facing society today.
    Description: 2012-10-01
    Keywords: Coupled natural—human systems ; Cyberinfrastructure ; Environmental observatories ; Environmental education ; Socioecological systems
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Trace gas flux  ;  Carbon dioxide  ;  Nitrous oxide  ;  Snow cover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluxes of CO2 and N2O were measured from both natural and experimentally augmented snowpacks during the winters of 1993 and 1994 on Niwot Ridge in the Colorado Front Range. Consistent snow cover insulated the soil surface from extreme air temperatures and allowed heterotrophic activity to continue through much of the winter. In contrast, soil remained frozen at sites with inconsistent snow cover and production did not begin until snowmelt. Fluxes were measured when soil temperatures under the snow ranged from –5°C to 0°C, but there was no significant relationship between flux for either gas and temperature within this range. While early developing snowpacks resulted in warmer minimum soil temperatures allowing production to continue for most of the winter, the highest CO2 fluxes were recorded at sites which experienced a hard freeze before a consistent snowpack developed. Consequently, the seasonal flux of CO2 –C from snow covered soils was related both to the severity of freeze and the duration of snow cover. Over-winter CO2 –C loss ranged from 0.3 g C m−2 season−1 at sites characterized by inconsistent snow cover to 25.7 g C m−2 season−1 at sites that experienced a hard freeze followed by an extended period of snow cover. In contrast to the pattern observed with C loss, a hard freeze early in the winter did not result in greater N2O–N loss. Both mean daily N2O fluxes and the total over-winter N2O–N loss were related to the length of time soils were covered by a consistent snowpack. Over-winter N2O–N loss ranged from less 0.23 mg N m−2 from the latest developing, short duration snowpacks to 16.90 mg N m−2 from sites with early snow cover. These data suggest that over-winter heterotrophic activity in snow-covered soil has the potential to mineralize from less than 1% to greater than 25% of the carbon fixed in ANPP, while over-winter N2O fluxes range from less than half to an order of magnitude higher than growing season fluxes. The variability in these fluxes suggests that small changes in climate which affect the timing of seasonal snow cover may have a large effect on C and N cycling in these environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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