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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4)
  • ultrafine Pd particle  (2)
  • DCDPS  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: methanol synthesis ; palladium supported on ceria ; cationic palladium ; ultrafine Pd particle ; EXAFS of Pd ; XPS of Pd 3d
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ceria‐supported palladium catalysts prepared by the deposition–precipitation method are highly active for the methanol synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in comparison with the catalyst prepared by the conventional impregnation method. Analyses by EXAFS show that palladium particles can be dispersed very well on the surface of ceria by both the methods, implying that the higher activity of the catalysts prepared by deposition–precipitation is not simply due to the particle size of palladium. Cationic palladium species are present in the samples prepared by deposition–precipitation after reduction with hydrogen at 300 °C, suggesting that the active species are produced by strong contact between palladium particles and the support.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of polymer research 1 (1994), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1572-8935
    Keywords: Polyarylate ; Bisphenol-A ; DCDPS ; IPA ; TGA ; Thermal degradation ; Lifetime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polyarylates were prepared from direct polycondensation of aromatic dicarboxylic acid such as 4,4'-dicarboxy diphenyl sulfone (DCDPS), isophthalic acid (IPA), and bisphenol-A (SPA) by means of ptoluenesulfonyl chloride and DMF in pyridine. We used thermogravimetric analysis to investigate the thermal decomposition of polyarylates and to determine kinetic parameters such as activation energy, preexponential factor and reaction order. Such information is useful for quick estimation of polymer lifetimes. Polyarylate derived from DCDPS-BPA has a longer lifetime than DCDPS/IPA-BPA or IPA-BPA at any given temperature, indicating that the former has better thermal stability than the latter.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: methanol synthesis ; palladium supported on ceria ; ultrafine Pd particle ; formation of Pd–O–Ce ; EXAFS of Pd K-edge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrafine palladium particles supported on cerium oxide by the coprecipitation method effectively catalyzes the methanol synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, while the catalytic activity increases in the initial stage. The Pd K-edge EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) of the catalyst shows that a small part of palladium is still oxidized after the pretreatment with hydrogen at 573 K for 1 h. During the reaction the palladium particles in the catalyst are further oxidized due to the formation of Pd–O–Ce bonding which may stabilize the cationic palladium species being active to the reaction.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 199 (1992), S. 171-190 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fünf verschiedene Bisphenol-S-Derivate, nämlich Bis[4-(ß-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]sulfon (HEPS), Bis[4-(β-hydroxy(iso)propoxy)-phenyl]sulfon (HPPS), 3,3′, 5,5′-Tetrabrombisphenol-S (TBS), Bis[3,5-dibrom-4-(β-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]sulfon (HEETBS) und Bis[3,5-dibrom-4-(β-hydroxy(iso)propoxy)-phenyl]sulfon (HPETBS) wurden durch Reaktion von Bisphenol-S mit Ethylencarbonat, 1,2Propylencarbonat bzw. Brom hergestellt. Durch alkalische Kondensation von Bisphenol-S (Bis(4-hydroxypheny1)sulfon) oder dessen Derivaten mit Epichlorhydrin wurden verschiedene schwefelhaltige Epoxidharze erhalten, die mittels Elementaranalyse, IR- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert wurden. Bis auf das Oxypropyleneinheiten enthaltende HPPS sind alle Epoxidharze fest. Die Schmelzpunkte und Glastemperaturen der Epoxidharze mit flexiblen Oxyethylen- oder Oxypropyleneinheiten liegen unter denen des direkt aus Bisphenol-S hergestellten Epoxidharzes. Die für die bromierten Epoxidharze gemessenen höheren Schmelzpunkte werden auf die großen Bromatome zurückgeführt. Die Molmassenverteilungen der durch direkte Addition von Epichlorhydrin an Bisphenol-S („taffy“-Prozeß) oder durch Reaktion niedermolekularer Epoxidharze, deren Hauptbestandteil der Diglycidether von Bisphenol-S ist, in der Schmelze („advancement“-Prozeß) wurden verglichen. Der „taffy“-Prozeß führt zu Oligomeren mit sowohl ungerad- als auch geradzahligen Polymerisationsgraden, während mit dem “advancement”-Prozeß geradzahlige Oligomere erhalten werden. Der Befund, daß die Epoxy-Äquivalentgewichte und damit die Schmelzviskositäten der Epoxidharze mit steigendem Bisphenol-S-Gehalt zunahmen, stimmt mit den nach der Flory-Statistik zu erwartenden Werten überein.
    Notes: Bisphenol-S derivatives of five kinds such as bis[4-(β-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]sulfone (HEPS), bis[4-(β-hydroxy(iso)propoxy)-phenyl]sulfone (HPPS), 3,3′,5,5′-tetrabromobisphenol-S (TBS), bis[3,5-dibromo-4-(β-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]sulfone (HEETBS) and bis[3,5-dibromo-4-(β-hydroxy(iso)propoxy)-phenyl]sulfone (HPETBS) were successfully prepared by the reaction of bisphenol-S with ethylene carbonate, 1,2-propylene carbonate or bromine, respectively. Several sulfone-containing epoxy resins were obtained by alkaline condensation of bisphenol-S (bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-sulfone) or its derivatives with epichlorohydrin using sodium hydroxide. The epoxy resins thus obtained were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 13C-NMR spectra. All epoxy resins are solid products except HPPS epoxy which contains oxypropylene units. The melting points (Tm) and glass transition temperatures (Tg) of epoxy resins which have flexible oxyethylene or oxypropylene units were lower than that of epoxy resin derived directly from bisphenol-S. The increase of melting point which has been observed in brominated epoxy resins is attributed to the bulky bromine atom. The molar-mass distributions of epoxy resins made by the direct addition of epichlorohydrin to bisphenol-S (so-called “taffy” process) or by the reaction of epoxy resin of low molar mass and of which the main constituent is the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-S in melt (so-called “advancement” process) have also been compared. The “taffy” process leads to products containing both odd- and even-numbered diepoxide oligomers in contrast to the “advancement” process which leads to products containing predominantly even-numbered diepoxide oligomers. Epoxy equivalent and melt viscosity of epoxy resins increased with increasing amount of bisphenol-S. This result is in accordance with the theoretical distribution calculated according to Flory statistics.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 200 (1992), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Aminhärtung verschiedener Bisphenol-S-Epoxidharze wurde differentialkalorimetrisch untersucht. Basierend auf jeweils einer einzigen Messung zwischen 50 und 300°C wurden die kinetischen Parameter Aktivierungsenergie, Härtungsbereich und Reaktionsordnung nach vier Methoden berechnet. Die Epoxidharze mit Oxyethylenoder Oxypropyleneinheiten zeigen eine geringere Reaktionsordnung und Aktivierungsenergie als der Diglycidylether von Bisphenol-S, d. h. flexible Epoxidharze sind leichter zu härten.
    Notes: The curing reactions of several epoxy resins based on bisphenol-S with amine have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The overall kinetic parameters of the curing reactions, such as activation energy, curing range and the order of the reaction are estimated by using four computational methods based on a single dynamic scan over the temperature range 50 - 300°C. Epoxy resins containing oxyethylene or oxypropylene units have lower reaction order and activation energy than the diglycidylether of bisphenol-S. This indicates that flexible epoxide resins are easier to cure.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 214 (1994), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl-phenylphosphat (MEPP) wurde durch Reaktion von 2-Hydroxyethymethacrylat (HEMA) mit Phenyl-dichlorphosphat (PDCP) und anschließende Hydrolyse hergestellt. Dieses phosphathaltige Acrylmonomere wurde als Haftverbesserungskomponente in ein typisches UV-härtbares Acryl-Epoxidharzsystem einpolymerisiert. Nach der UV-Härtung zeigten die Copolymerfilme mit MEPP gute Hafteigenschaften und Lösungsmittelbeständigkeit; es wurde aber eine Abnahme der Härtungsgeschwindigkeit beobachtet. Durch den MEPP-Anteil wurde der Kontaktwinkel der Epoxidharzbeschichtungen auf Stahl verringert, was eine verbesserte Benetzungsfähigkeit anzeigt. Auch bei der Synthese von MEPP-enthaltenden, wasserlöslichen Acrylharzen, die mit verschiedenen wasserlöslichen Epoxidharzen bei 25°C gehärtet wurden, verbesserte sich die Haftung sowie die Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Beschichtungen.
    Notes: 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phenyl phosphate (MEPP) was synthesized by reacting 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) with phenyl dichlorophosphate (PDCP) followed by hydrolysis. This acrylic monomer containing the phosphate group was introduced into a typical UV-curable acrylated epoxy system as an adhesion promoter. Good adhesion properties and solvent resistance of the films after UV curing were obtained in the presence of MEPP, although there was a decrease in the curing rate. When MEPP was introduced into acrylated epoxy resin, the contact angle remarkably decreased indicating that the wetting ability was improved. When MEPP was applied to the synthesis of the water-soluble acrylic resins cured with various water-soluble epoxy resins at 25°C, the adhesion and corrosion resistance of coating films was improved.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 857-875 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A bending-beam technique has been used to in situ monitor the diffusion of water in various polyimide films. The polyimides studied are pyromellitic dianhydride-4.4′-oxydianiline (PMDA-ODA), pyromellitic dianhydride-p-phenylenediamine (PMDA-PDA), and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride-p-phenylenediamine (BPDA-PDA), and their blends and random copolymers. The diffusion of water in these films obeys Fick's law. In PMDA-ODA, the mean diffusion constant is 5.2 ± 0.4 × 10-9 (cm2/s) for thicknesses ranging from 6.7 to 27.3 μm. In PMDA-PDA, it is 2.0 ± 0.4 × 10-9 (cm2/s) for thicknesses ranging from 7.3 to 20.0 μm, and in BPDA-PDA, 0.27 ± 0.02 × 10-9 (cm2/s) for thicknesses ranging from 4.8 to 21.0 μm. In the blends and random copolymer with 50 wt % PMDA-ODA and 50 wt % PMDA-PDA, the diffusion constants are slightly smaller than those in the pure PMDA-ODA, but much larger than in the pure PMDA-PDA. On the contrary, in those with 50 wt % BPDA-PDA and 50 wt % PMDA-PDA, the diffusion constants are much smaller than those in the pure PMDA-PDA, but slightly larger than in the pure BPDA-PDA. These diffusion constants are primarily affected by the chemical structure of the imide molecule. The morphology, such as crystallinity, of the films has played a secondary factor. Hygroscopic stresses due to water uptake in all the studied films increase as the film thickness increases. It can be attributed to that the film orientation decreases with the increase of thickness.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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