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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: simulation model ; temperature sum ; phenology ; juvenile-hormone mimic ; Insect Growth Regulator ; Integrated Pest Management ; apple orchard ; Pandemis heparana ; Adoxophyes orana ; Tortricidae ; leafrollers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le contrôle des Tordeuses par les régulateurs de croissance d'Insectes (IGR), à activité d'hormone juvénile, est un progrès majeur dans la recherche pour la lutte intégrée contre les ennemis des vergers de pommiers. L'IGR appliqué lors de l'apparition du dernier stade larvaire des Tordeuses, perturbe ainsi la métamorphose ultérieure. Afin de prévoir le moment d'apparition des différents stades, et plus particulièrement du dernier stade larvaire, des modèles de simulation du développement de Pandemis heparana (Denn. et Schiff.) et Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) ont été élaborés à partir d'expériences et en se basant sur des résultats de la littérature. Le modèle est basé sur l'examen de la variable d'état, la température étant la variable discriminante suivie. Les courbes simulées d'apparition des larves de dernier stade, des nymphes et des papillons correspondent aux observations faites sur les larves récoltées dans la nature et élevées jusqu'au stade adulte dans un insectarium en plein air. Le taux de capture dans les pièges à phéromone présente un retard par rapport aux courbes calculées et observées pour l'éclosion des nymphes. Différentes causes peuvent être attribuées à cette différence, mais l'influence d'aucune d'elles n'a été étudiée. Afin de déterminer si le moment de l'application d'IGR peut être lié à une somme de températures, les courbes d'apparition des larves de dernier stade ont été étudiées en relation avec les sommes de températures portant sur plusieurs années. Les observations concernant l'apparition des larves de dernier stade ne couvrant que 2 années, des courbes simulées ont été utilisées à cet effet. L'emploid de la relation liant le moment de l'apparition à la somme des températures permet de n'avoir à calculer que les sommes de températures pour déterminer le moment opportun de l'application des IGR.
    Notes: Abstract Control of leafrollers using Insect Growth Regulators with juvenile-hormone acitivity (IGR) is a major issue in research on Integrated Pest Management in apple orchards. The IGR is applied at the time of emergence of the last-larval instar of leafrollers, thus causing a disturbance of metamorphosis. Simulation models on the development of Pandemis heparana (Denn. et Schiff.) and Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) were developed, partly on the basis of experiments, partly on data from literature, to predict the time of emergence of the various stages, particularly of the last-larval instar and the pupa. The models use the state-variable approach, and include only temperature as a driving variable. Simulated curves of emergence of last-instar larvae, pupae and moths corresponded well with observations on field-collected larvae, reared to adult stage in an outdoor insectary. The curves of pheromone trap catches showed a delay relative to the calculated and observed curves for the eclosion of pupae. To investigate whether the time of IGR application could be related to a temperature sum, the relation between emergence curves of last-instar larvae and temperature sums was studied for several years. For this purpose simulated curves were used, because observations on emergence of last-instar covered only a few years.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell suspension culture ; Daucus ; Embryogenic potential ; Excreted cell factor ; Gene expression mRNA (in vitro translation)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogenic suspension cultures of domesticated carrot (Daucus carota L.) are characterized by the presence of proembryogenic masses (PEMs) from which somatic embryos develop under conditions of low cell density in the absence of phytohormones. A culture system, referred to as starting cultures, was developed that allowed analysis of the emergence of PEMs in newly initiated hypocotyl-derived suspension cultures. Embryogenic potential, reflected by the number of FEMs present, slowly increased in starting cultures over a period of six weeks. Addition of excreted, high-molecular-weight, heat-labile cell factors from an established embryogenic culture considerably accelerated the acquisition of embryogenic potential in starting cultures. Analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins excreted into the medium revealed distinct changes concomitant with the acquisition of embryogenic potential in these cultures. Analysis of the pattern of gene expression by in-vitro translation of total cellular mRNA from starting cultures with different embryogenic potential and subsequent separation of the [35S]methionine-labeled products by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated a small number of abundant in-vitro-translation products to be present in somatic embryos and in embryogenic cells but absent in nonembryogenic cells. Several other in-vitro-translation products were present in explants, non-embryogenic and embryogenic cells but were absent in somatic embryos. Hybridization of an embryoregulated complementary-DNA sequence, Dc3, to RNA extracted from starting cultures showed that the corresponding gene is expressed in somatic embryos and PEMs but not in non-embryogenic cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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