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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-179720 , NAS 1.26:179720
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Long period Rayleigh wave and Love wave dispersion data, particularly for oceanic areas, were not simultaneously satisfied by an isotropic structure. Available phase and group velocity data are inverted by a procedure which includes the effects of transverse anisotropy, an elastic dispersion, sphericity, and gravity. The resulting models, for the average Earth, average ocean and oceanic regions divided according to the age of the ocean floor, are quite different from previous results which ignore the above effects. The models show a low velocity zone with age dependent anisotropy and velocities higher than derived in previous surface wave studies. The correspondence between the anisotropy variation with age and a physical model based on flow aligned olivine is suggested.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-173549 , NAS 1.26:173549 , CIT-CONTRIB-4015
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Vertically polarized shear wave velocity (VSV), determined primarily from fundamental mode Rayleigh waves, and the difference between the velocity of horizontally polarized shear waves (VSH) and VSV, therefore a measure of anisotropy, are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-175373 , NAS 1.26:175373
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The lateral heterogeneity and apparent anisotropy of the upper mantle are studied by measuring Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocities in the period range 100-250 sec. Spherical harmonic descriptions of the lateral heterogeneity are obtained for order and degree up to 1=m=10. Slow regions are evident at the East Pacific rise, northeast Africa, Tibet, Tasman sea, southwestern North America and triple junctions in the Northern Atlantic and Indian oceans. Fast regions occur in Australia, western Pacific and the eastern Atlantic. Details which are not evident in previous studies include two fast regions in the central Pacific and the subduction zone in the Scotia Arc region. Inversion for azimuthal dependence showed (1) little correlation between the fast phase velocity directions and the plate motion vector in plate interiors, but (2) correlation of the fast direction with the perpendicular direction to trenches and ridges. Phase velocity is high when waves propagate perpendicular to these structures. Severe tradeoffs exist between heterogeneity and azimuthal dependence because of the yet unsatisfactory path coverage.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-174619 , NAS 1.26:174619
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The global lateral heterogeneity of the upper mantle is investigated using the classical Fourier-transform method of Sato(1958) and IDA/GDSN data from 25 1980 earthquakes. The great-circle phase velocities of 200 Love and 250 Rayleigh 100-330-sec-period fundamental-mode wave paths are determined and interpreted in terms of regional phase-velocity variation, using additional data on surface tectonics to extrapolate odd-harmonic information from the even-harmonic data. The results are presented in extensive tables, maps, and graphs. Regionalized inversion using the seven-region model of Okal (1977) is found to give maximum variance reductions of 65 percent for Love waves and 85 percent for Rayleigh waves, compared to 60 and 90 percent for l(max) = 2 inversion. Significant interregion differences are found in the regionalized Love-wave phase velocities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10267-10
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Progress in modeling instantaneous plate kinematics is reviewed, with emphasis on recently developed models of present day plate motions derived by the systematic inversion of globally distributed data sets. Rivera plate motions, the Caribbean South American boundary, Indian plate deformation, Pacific-North America, seismicity and subduction processes, and the study of slow earthquakes and free oscillations are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163734
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Seismic and rheological properties of the upper mantle in the vicinity of the low-velocity zone are expressed in terms of relaxation by dislocation glide. Dislocation bowing in the glide plane explains seismic velocities and attenuation. Climbing at higher stresses for longer periods of time give the observed viscosity, and explain the low velocity and high temperature attenuation found at seismic frequencies. Due to differing parameters, separate terms for thermal, seismic and rheological lithospheres are proposed. All three lithospheres, however, are related and are functions of temperature, and must be specified by parameters such as period, stress, and stress duration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Attenuation in solids and liquids, as measured by the quality factor Q, is typically frequency dependent. In seismology, however, Q is usually assumed to be independent of frequency. Body wave, surface wave, and normal mode data are used to place constraints on the frequency dependence of Q in the mantle. Specific features of the absorption band model are: low-Q in the seismic band at both the top and the base of the mantle, low-Q for long-period body waves in the outer core, an inner core Q sub s that increases with period, and low Q sub p/Q sub s at short periods in the middle mantle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-164837
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Trace element patterns show that continental and ocean island basalts are complementary to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). The relative sizes of the two source regions can be estimated from enrichment/depletion patterns. Their combined volume, computed from estimates of whole mantle abundances, occupies the entire upper mantle. The source regions appear to be the result of an early differentiation of the mantle. The MORB source evolved from the melt fraction which lost its late stage enriched fluids to the overlying plume source. The MORB source is primarily garnet and clinopyroxene, consistent with it being an eclogite cumulate.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-162906 , CONTRIB-3432
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model for the formation and evolution of the earth's core, which provides an adequate energy source for maintaining the geodynamo, is proposed. A modified inhomogeneous accretion model is proposed which leads to initial iron and refractory enrichment at the center of the planet. The probable heat source for melting of the core is the decay of Al-26. The refractory material is emplaced irregularly in the lowermost mantle with uranium and thorium serving as a long-lived heat source. Fluid motions in the core are driven by the differential heating from above and the resulting cyclonic motions may be the source of the geodynamo.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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