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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sodium sulfate solubilities in high temperature aqueous sodium chloride and sulfuric acid solutions—predictions of solubility, vapor pressure, acidity, and speciation (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 903-917 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sodium sulfate ; sulfuric acid ; sodium chloride ; solubility ; vapor pressure ; acidity ; water ; speciation ; solutions ; high temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental measurements of the solubility of sodium sulfate in aqueous solutions containing both sodium chloride and sulfuric acid in the temperature range 250 to 374°C are reported. These measurements have been combined with previous data on the solubility of sodium sulfate in water, in aqueous sodium chloride, and in sulfuric acid solutions to produce a comprehensive model describing the solubility of sodium sulfate in such solutions. Calculations and predictions of solubility, vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, acidity, and speciation are presented. This model is of fundamental interest in itself and also is of importance because the precipitation of sodium sulfate may be a contributing factor in enhancing crevice corrosion in metals exposed to high-temperature water containing chloride and sulfate ions as impurities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646031
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modified Raoult's law including the solvent structural constant and solute solvation; Aqueous sodium chloride solutions, 25 to 300°C; Other electrolytes and urea, 25°C (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 439-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Activity ; solvation ; water ; sodium chloride ; urea ; high temperatures ; solvent structural constant ; modified Raoult's law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The form of Raoult's law is modified to express the activity of water [a(H2O)] for aqueous electrolyte solutions by the mole fraction of a free (nonsolvating) solvent structural unit raised to the reciprocal power of the solvent structural constant. Relatively close agreement with experiment, is obtained for a(H2O) of aqueous sodium chloride solutions up to 300°C and nearly saturated concentrations, and of other aqueous electrolyte solutions at 25°C. In an example for aqueous-organic systems, a(H2O) for urea solutions at 25°C is described with an average deviation of 0.09% for molalities from 0 to 20m (54.6 wt%) by using the necessary (universal) structural constant and a single solvation parameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646267
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume, electrostriction, and solvation relations along the liquid-vapor critical curve of aqueous sodium chloride solutions (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 539-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Critical densities ; critical temperatures ; critical volumes ; high temperatures ; high pressures ; ionization constants ; apparent molal volumes ; partial molal volumes ; pressure ; density ; electrostriction ; solutions ; critical phenomena ; water ; sodium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A model based on solvation-electrostriction-ionization properties is developed to fit the critical density curve of aqueous sodium chloride solutions from 0 to 4.28 molal at temperatures from 374 to 566°C. Apparent solution ideality is observed. The description indicates that each ion significantly electrostricts roughly 800 water molecules and neutral NaCl electrostricts insignificantly. Lack of electrostriction for neutral NaCl may explain why complete constants describe ionization equilibria so well. Molal volumes and pseudo-apparent molal volumes are described for both actual solutions and hypothetical solutions containing either 100% neutral NaCl molecules or fully ionized electrolyte (Na++Cl−).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646930
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  • 4
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    Word and frame synchronization with verification for PPM optical communications (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method for obtaining word and frame synchronization in pulse position modulated optical communication systems is described. The method uses a short sync sequence inserted at the beginning of each data frame and a verification procedure to distinguish between inserted and randomly occurring sequences at the receiver. This results in an easy to implement sync system which provides reliable synchronization even at high symbol error rates. Results are given for the application of this approach to a highly energy efficient 256-ary PPM test system.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Simple method for designing or analyzing an optical communication link (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple method is described for determining the performance of a free space optical communication link. The method can be used either in the system design (synthesis) mode, or in the performance evaluation (analysis) mode. Although restricted to photo counting based detection (e.g., photomultiplier tube or equivalent) of pulse position modulated signals, the method is still sufficiently general to accommodate space-based, as well as ground-based, reception.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Transmitter pointing loss calculation for free-space optical communications link analyses (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In calculating the performance of free-space optical communications links, the transmitter pointing loss is one of the two most important factors. It is shown in this paper that the traditional formula for the instantaneous pointing loss (i.e., for the transmitter telescope far-field beam pattern) is quite inaccurate. A more accurate and practical approximation is developed in which the pointing loss is calculated using a Taylor series approximation. The four-term series is shown to be accurate to 0.1 dB for the theta angles not greater than 0.9 lambda/D (wavelength/telescope diameter).
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 2055-205
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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