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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 14 (1979), S. 13-31 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mars ; Evolution ; Planetary geochemistry ; Soil ; Ionizing radiation ; Exobiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Physical and chemical considerations permit the division of the near-surface regolith on Mars into at least six zones of distinct microenvironments. The zones are euphotic, duricrust/peds, tempofrost, permafrost, endolithic, and interfacial/transitional. Microenvironments vary significantly in temperature extremes, mean temperature, salt content, relative pressure of water vapor, UV and visible light irradiance, and exposure to ionizing radiation events (100 Mrad) and oxidative molecular species. From what is known of the chemistry of the atmossphere and regolith fines (soil), limits upon the aqueous chemistry of soil pastesmay be estimated. Heat of wetting could reach 45 cal/g dry soil; initial pH is indeterminate between 1 and 10; ionic strength and salinity are predicted to be extremely high; freezing point depression is inadequate to provide quantities of liquid water except in special cases. The prospects for biotic survival are grim by terrestrial standards, but the extremes of biological resiliency are inaccessible to evaluation. Second-generation in situ experiments which will better define Martian microenvironments are clearly possible. Antarctic dry valleys are approximations to Martian conditions, but deviate significantly by at least half-a-dozen criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mars ; UV ; Radiation effects ; Carbonates ; Minerals ; Sulfates ; Nitrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chemical reactivity of several minerals thought to be present in Martian fines is tested with respect to gases known in the Martian atmosphere. In these experiments, liquid water is excluded from the system, environmental temperatures are maintained below 0°, and the solar illumination spectrum is stimulated in the visible and UV using a Xenon arc lamp. Reactions are detected by mass spectrometric analysis of the gas phase over solid samples. No reacions were detected for Mars nominal gas over sulfates, nitrates, chloride, nontronite clay, or magnetite. Oxidation was not observed for basaltic glass, nontronite, and magnetite. However, experiments incorporating SO2 gas - an expected product of volcanism and intrusive volatile release - gave positive results. Displacement of CO2 by SO2 occurred in all four carbonates tested. These reactions are catalyzed by irradiation with the solar simulator. A calcium nitrate hydrate released NO2 in the presence of SO2. These results have implications for cycling of atmospheric CO2, H2O, and N2 through the regolith.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: A series of mission analyses were performed to evaluate human mission to Mars and the moon with and without the aid of planetary resource utilization. The types of trade studies that are considered include the use of resources to manufacture propellant, food, habitat atmospheric gases, and lander habitat structure. Also, the potential for export of resources from the moon, Mars, Phobos, Deimos, and selected asteroids is also examined. In all cases, mass leveraging is evaluated. For certain cases, economic factors are evaluated as well. It is concluded that some uses are highly leveraging on the mission, whereas others have lesser impact and, therefore, should be afforded lesser priority in resource utilization studies. This survey is made with a consistent set of scaling laws for spacecraft propulsion and habitation systems and subsystems, and therefore, provides a rational basis for comparing different resource locations and use strategies.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Arizona Univ., Resources of Near-Earth Space: Abstracts; p 24
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The transportation aspects of astronaut travel to Mars are discussed. Alternative types of propulsion are examined, including mainline and ancillary chemical propulsion, electric propulsion, and nuclear thermal rocket propulsion. The possibility of remote propellant production is presented, focusing on the use of lunar liquid oxygen, Phobos propellants and Mars propellant production. Also, the way in which habitat models may be derived from Space Station modules or from other designs capitalizing on larger diameter payload envelopes for heavy-lift launch vehicles is considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 88-3494
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Technology developments which have applications for establishing man-tended outposts on the moon and Mars are reviewed. The development of pressurized rovers and computer-aided control, repair, and manufacturing is discussed. The possibility of utilizing aerodynamic drag by optimizing dynamic pressure to accomplish the necessary spacecraft velocity reduction for planetary orbital capture is considered and research in the development of artificial gravity is examined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 88-036
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  • 6
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A systems study is underway of astronaut missions to Mars that could be accomplished over the next four decades. In addition to an emphasis on the transportation and facility infrastructure required for such missions, other relevant technologies and mission constraints are also being considered. These induce on-orbit assembly, trajectory type, launch opportunities, propellant storage, crew size, cabin pressure, artificial gravity, life-support systems, radiation hazards, power/energy storage, thermal control, human factors, communications, abort scenarios, landing techniques, exploration strategies, and science activities. A major objective of the study is to identify enabling and significantly enhancing technologies for accomplishing the goal of the human exploration of Mars.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 88-0064
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The crew scientific and nonscientific activities that will occur at each stage of a mission to Mars are examined. Crew activities during the interplanetary flight phase will include simulations, maintenance and monitoring, communications, upgrading procedures and operations, solar activity monitoring, cross-training and sharpening of skills, physical conditioning, and free-time activities. Scientific activities will address human physiology, human psychology, sociology, astronomy, space environment effects, manufacturing, and space agriculture. Crew activities on the Martian surface will include exploration, construction, manufacturing, food production, maintenance and training, and free time. Studies of Martian geology and atmosphere, of the life forms that may exist there, and of the Martian moons will occur on the planet's surface. Crew activities and scientific studies that will occur in Mars orbit, and the hazards relevant to each stage of the mission, are also addressed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 88-403
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  • 8
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A study is underway to determine attractive system options, perform trade studies, and provide comparative data for astronaut missions to Mars. Because of an emphasis in this work on deriving requirements and candidates for the transportation and facility infrastructure for such missions, all relevant technologies and mission constraints are also being considered. These include on-orbit assembly, trajectory type, launch opportunities, propellant storage, crew size, cabin pressure, artificial gravity, life-support systems, radiation hazards, power/energy storage, thermal control, human factors, communications, abort scenarios, landing techniques, exploration strategies and science activities. It is planned to scope several example missions and to identify enabling and significantly enhancing technologies for accomplishing the goals of the human exploration of Mars.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS PAPER 87-201
    Format: text
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