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  • induced seismicity  (2)
  • A4_SCS; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); C3_SCS; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chlorophyll a; Chromista; Coast and continental shelf; DATE/TIME; Duration; E606_SCS; East China Sea; Entire community; Event label; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Growth rate; Growth rate, standard deviation; In situ sampler; Irradiance; Irradiance, standard deviation; ISS; Laboratory experiment; LE04_SCS; Light; Non photochemical quenching; Non photochemical quenching, standard deviation; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Ochrophyta; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Phosphate; Phytoplankton; PN07_ECS; Potentiometric; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Primary production of carbon; Primary production of carbon, per chlorophyll a; Primary production of carbon, per volume of seawater; Primary production of carbon, standard deviation; Salinity; Season; SEATS_SCS; Single species; Skeletonema costatum; South China Sea; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Thalassiosira pseudonana; Time of day; Treatment; Tropical; Yield ratio  (1)
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  • 1
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    Injection‐Induced Seismic Moment Release and Laboratory Fault Slip: Implications for Fluid‐Induced Seismicity (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Understanding the relation between injection‐induced seismic moment release and operational parameters is crucial for early identification of possible seismic hazards associated with fluid‐injection projects. We conducted laboratory fluid‐injection experiments on permeable sandstone samples containing a critically stressed fault at different fluid pressurization rates. The observed fluid‐induced fault deformation is dominantly aseismic. Fluid‐induced stick‐slip and fault creep reveal that total seismic moment release of acoustic emission (AE) events is related to total injected volume, independent of respective fault slip behavior. Seismic moment release rate of AE scales with measured fault slip velocity. For injection‐induced fault slip in a homogeneous pressurized region, released moment shows a linear scaling with injected volume for stable slip (steady slip and fault creep), while we find a cubic relation for dynamic slip. Our results highlight that monitoring evolution of seismic moment release with injected volume in some cases may assist in discriminating between stable slip and unstable runaway ruptures.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Anthropogenic earthquakes caused by fluid injection have been reported worldwide to occur in the frame of waste‐water disposal, CO2 sequestration, and stimulation of hydrocarbon or deep geothermal reservoirs. To study the dynamics of injection‐induced seismic energy release in a controlled environment, we performed laboratory fluid injection experiments on critically stressed high‐permeability sandstone samples with a prefabricated fault. We monitored acoustic emission occurring during injection‐induced fault sliding. We find that the total seismic deformation (expressed as total seismic moment) is related to total injected volume, independent of fault slip modes (i.e., dynamic slip, steady slip, and fault creep). Seismic moment release rate roughly scales with fault slip velocity. In our experiments, the fluid pressure front migrates faster than the rupture front by about 5 orders of magnitude, resulting in fault slip within a zone of homogeneous fluid overpressure. We find that cumulative seismic moment scales linearly with the injected volume for stable slip (steady slip and fault creep), while it follows a cubic relation for dynamic slip. Our experimental results suggest that the deviation of cumulative moment release with injected volume from a linear trend in practice might be a sign for potential seismic risk. This may be considered in modifying current injection strategies.
    Description: Key Points: Injection‐induced fault deformation is dominantly aseismic. Total moment release depends on total injected volume, independent of fault slip behavior. Moment‐injected volume scaling is linear for stable slip but shows a cubic relation for dynamic slip.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; induced seismicity ; seismic moment release ; fluid injection ; stick slip ; fault creep ; acoustic emission
    Type: article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    Laboratory Study on Fluid-Induced Fault Slip Behavior: The Role of Fluid Pressurization Rate (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-06
    Description: Understanding the physical mechanisms governing fluid-induced fault slip is important for improved mitigation of seismic risks associated with large-scale fluid injection. We conducted fluid-induced fault slip experiments in the laboratory on critically stressed saw-cut sandstone samples with high permeability using different fluid pressurization rates. Our experimental results demonstrate that fault slip behavior is governed by fluid pressurization rate rather than injection pressure. Slow stick-slip episodes (peak slip velocity 〈 4 μm/s) are induced by fast fluid injection rate, whereas fault creep with slip velocity 〈 0.4 μm/s mainly occurs in response to slow fluid injection rate. Fluid-induced fault slip may remain mechanically stable for loading stiffness larger than fault stiffness. Independent of fault slip mode, we observed dynamic frictional weakening of the artificial fault at elevated pore pressure. Our observations highlight that varying fluid injection rates may assist in reducing potential seismic hazards of field-scale fluid injection projects.
    Keywords: 550.724 ; fault slip ; fluid injection ; induced seismicity ; fluid pressurization rate ; stick-slip ; fault creep
    Language: English
    Type: map
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 3
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    Rising CO2 and increased light exposure synergistically reduce marine primary productivity (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Gao, Kunshan; Xu, Juntian; Gao, Guang; Li, Yahe; Hutchins, David A; Huang, Bangqin; Wang, Lei; Zheng, Ying; Jin, Peng; Cai, Xiaoni; Häder, Donat-Peter; Li, Wei; Xu, Kai; Liu, Nana; Riebesell, Ulf (2012): Rising CO2 and increased light exposure synergistically reduce marine primary productivity. Nature Climate Change, 2, 519–523, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1507
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Carbon dioxide and light are two major prerequisites of photosynthesis. Rising CO2 levels in oceanic surface waters in combination with ample light supply are therefore often considered stimulatory to marine primary production. Here we show that the combination of an increase in both CO2 and light exposure negatively impacts photosynthesis and growth of marine primary producers. When exposed to CO2 concentrations projected for the end of this century, natural phytoplankton assemblages of the South China Sea responded with decreased primary production and increased light stress at light intensities representative of the upper surface layer. The phytoplankton community shifted away from diatoms, the dominant phytoplankton group during our field campaigns. To examine the underlying mechanisms of the observed responses, we grew diatoms at different CO2 concentrations and under varying levels (5-100%) of solar radiation experienced by the phytoplankton at different depths of the euphotic zone. Above 22-36% of incident surface irradiance, growth rates in the high-CO2-grown cells were inversely related to light levels and exhibited reduced thresholds at which light becomes inhibitory. Future shoaling of upper-mixed-layer depths will expose phytoplankton to increased mean light intensities. In combination with rising CO2 levels, this may cause a widespread decline in marine primary production and a community shift away from diatoms, the main algal group that supports higher trophic levels and carbon export in the ocean.
    Keywords: A4_SCS; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); C3_SCS; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chlorophyll a; Chromista; Coast and continental shelf; DATE/TIME; Duration; E606_SCS; East China Sea; Entire community; Event label; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Growth rate; Growth rate, standard deviation; In situ sampler; Irradiance; Irradiance, standard deviation; ISS; Laboratory experiment; LE04_SCS; Light; Non photochemical quenching; Non photochemical quenching, standard deviation; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Ochrophyta; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Phosphate; Phytoplankton; PN07_ECS; Potentiometric; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Primary production of carbon; Primary production of carbon, per chlorophyll a; Primary production of carbon, per volume of seawater; Primary production of carbon, standard deviation; Salinity; Season; SEATS_SCS; Single species; Skeletonema costatum; South China Sea; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Thalassiosira pseudonana; Time of day; Treatment; Tropical; Yield ratio
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 17109 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
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