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  • Microseismicity  (3)
  • 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest  (2)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-11-12
    Description: Public concern about anthropogenic seismic- ity in Italy first arose in the aftermath of the deadly M ≈ 6 earthquakes that hit the Emilia-Romagna region (northern Italy) in May 2012. As these events occurred in a (tectonically active) region of oil and gas production and storage, the question was raised, whether stress perturbations due to underground industrial activities could have induced or triggered the shocks. Following expert recommendations, in 2014, the Italian Oil & Gas Safety Authority (DGS-UNMIG, Ministry of Economic Development) published guidelines (ILG - Indirizzi e linee guida per il monitoraggio della sismicità, delle deformazioni del suolo e delle pressioni di poro nell’ambito delle attività antropiche), describing regula- tions regarding hydrocarbon extraction, waste-water in- jection and gas storage that could also be adapted to other technologies, such as dams, geothermal systems, CO2 storage, and mining. The ILG describe the frame- work for the different actors involved in monitoring activities, their relationship and responsibilities, the procedure to be followed in case of variations of mon- itored parameters, the need for in-depth scientific anal- yses, the definition of different alert levels, their mean- ing and the parameters to be used to activate such alerts. Four alert levels are defined, the transition among which follows a decision to be taken jointly by relevant au- thorities and industrial operator on the basis of evalua- tion of several monitored parameters (micro-seismicity, ground deformation, pore pressure) carried on by a scientific-technical agency. Only in the case of liquid reinjection, the alert levels are automatically activated on the basis of exceedance of thresholds for earthquake magnitude and ground shaking – in what is generally known as a Traffic Light System (TLS). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia has been charged by the Italian oil and gas safety authority (DGS- UNMIG) to apply the ILG in three test cases (two oil extraction and one gas storage plants). The ILG indeed represent a very important and positive innovation, as they constitute official guidelines to coherently regulate monitoring activity on a national scale. While pilot studies are still mostly under way, we may point out merits of the whole framework, and a few possible critical issues, requiring special care in the implementa- tion. Attention areas of adjacent reservoirs, possibly licenced to different operators, may overlap, hence mak- ing the point for joint monitoring, also in view of the possible interaction between stress changes related to the different reservoirs. The prescribed initial blank- level monitoring stage, aimed at assessing background seismicity, may lose significance in case of nearby ac- tive production. Magnitude – a critical parameter used to define a possible step-up in activation levels – has inherent uncertainty and can be evaluated using differ- ent scales. A final comment considers the fact that relevance of TLS, most frequently used in hydraulic fracturing operations, may not be high in case of trig- gered tectonic events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1015–1028
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Anthropogenic seismicity ; Alert system ; Monitoring guidelines ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: Il Monte Amiata, ubicato nella porzione sud-occidentale della regione Toscana, è un edificio vulcanico che si è strutturato durante la parte finale del Pleistocene medio (350 - 200 ka; Laurenzi et al., 2015; Principe et al., 2018) al di sopra delle unità tettoniche strutturatesi durante le fasi mio-plioceniche dell’orogenesi appenninica. La distribuzione dei centri eruttivi sembra essere controllata da una zona di debolezza strutturale plio-pleistocenica, orientata circa NE-SW, che interessa sia i depositi vulcanici che le unità strutturali sottostanti (Brogi & Fabbrini, 2009, Brogi et al., 2015; Piccardi et al., 2017, Principe et al., 2018). Il gradiente geotermico è caratterizzato da valori molto alti (fino a 15°/100m), rendendo l’area particolarmente idonea per la produzione di energia geotermica. La produzione geotermica iniziò a partire dal 1960. Attualmente, gli impianti produttivi di ENEL- Greenpower di Bagnore e Piancastagnaio (Fig. 1), sfruttano un serbatoio geotermico collocato tra i 2000 e i 3500 metri di profondità rispetto al piano campagna. Il Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani (CPTI; Rovida et al., 2016 riporta, tra il 1287 e il 1940, 13 terremoti con una magnitudo equivalente compresa tra 4.5 £ Me £ 5.3 che hanno causato danneggiamenti fino al grado VIII MCS (Fig. 1), evidenziando un’attività sismica naturale e capace di causare seri danneggiamenti, ben prima dell’inizio dello sfruttamento geotermico dell’area. La sismicità recente, registrata dalla rete sismica nazionale dell’INGV (Castello et al., 2006; http://cnt.rm.ingv.it), riporta meno di 150 terremoti nell’area amiatina negli ultimi 25 anni, di cui 35 eventi con ML ≥ 1.5. Tra questi, il terremoto del 1.4.2000 (Md=4.0; http://cnt.rm.ingv.it/event/1132509) causò danni ad oltre 50 edifici, e la prossimità dell’epicentro con l’impianto di produzione di Piancastagnaio sollevò l’ipotesi di una sua natura antropogenica (Mucciarelli et al. 2001). Braun et al. (2018) hanno ricalcolato ipocentro e meccanismo focale di questo evento, collocandolo ad una profondità prossima al serbatoio di produzione, giungendo però alla conclusione che non sia possibile, per questa via, discriminare la sua natura antropogenica o meno. In generale, rispetto alle profondità tipiche della sismicità crostale osservata in Toscana (tra circa 5 e 13 km) gli ipocentri degli eventi sismici registrati nell’area amiatina hanno delle profondità simili a quelle di produzione (〈 5 km). La bassa densità della rete di monitoraggio INGV in quest’area del territorio nazionale (Fig. 1) è causa, comunque, di una bassa capacità di rilevazione (detection) sismica e di una altrettanto bassa capacità di risoluzione ipocentrale. Per migliorare le capacità di detection e di monitoraggio sismico nell’area del Monte Amiata, nel periodo 2015 - 2018 abbiamo installato una rete locale composta da 8 stazioni in vicinanza delle centrali di produzione geotermica di Bagnore e Piancastagnaio. L’obiettivo dell’esperimento era quello di abbassare la magnitudo di completezza e di comprendere meglio l’origine della sismicità in vicinanza degli impianti di estrazione, cercando di discriminare tra sismicità naturale e eventi sismici antropogenici. A questo scopo, abbiamo applicato una metodologia di analisi automatica, scansionando l’enorme dataset con un nuovo e robusto approccio di detection e localizzazione, chiamato waveform beam-forming grid search approach (LASSIE; Heimann et al., 2017). In uno step successivo, gli eventi sismici associati vengono rilocalizzati con un waveform-based locator (LOKI: Grigoli et al. 2014). Il catalogo sismico così ottenuto, aggiornato e molto più completo rispetto a quanto mai ottenuto prima in termini di Magnitudo di completezza (Mc), rappresenta la base per definire criteri di discriminazione, ad esempio attraverso la correlazione spazio-temporale della sismicità osservata con i parametri di produzione geotermica. I risultati ottenuti e le potenzialità di tale approccio saranno oggetto della presentazione qui proposta.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Roma
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Keywords: Microseismicity ; Mt. Amiata ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: Mt. Amiata is an extinct volcano whose last eruptive activity was dated about 200ky ago. Today, its underlying crustal volume is still characterized by a high geothermal gradient, which makes the area particularly suitable for geothermal exploitation. The structure overlaying the former magmatic reservoir is characterized by permeable layers of highly fractured volcanic rocks, saturated with hot water and steam. Geothermal exploitation from these layers started in the 1960's. Since then, earthquakes close to the depth of the geothermal production level at about 3.500 m depth occurred, shallower than the typical seismicity in the upper Tuscany crust. However, because of the sparse permanent monitoring network at Mt. Amiata, depth resolution and magnitude of completeness (Mc) have been poor. To improve the seismic monitoring inside the geothermal field of Mt. Amiata, we installed in 2015 for a 3-years recording period a dedicated 8-station seismic network in the vicinity of the productive geothermal power plants. The aim of the experiment was achieve smaller completeness magnitude Mc and to reduce depth uncertainty, in order to better understand the seismicity and to be able to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic events. We scan the large dataset using an efficient waveform beam-forming grid search approach (LASSIE) for robust detection and rough locations. In a second processing step associated earthquakes are re-located by a refined waveform-based locator (LOKI). Obtaining an improved seismic catalog with reduced Mc, we suggest to approach the discrimination problem by spatial-temporal correlation of seismicity with geotechnical time-series of geothermal production.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Montreal (CA)
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Keywords: Microseismicity ; Mt. Amiata ; seismic array ; Geothermal field ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-01-13
    Description: The geothermal field of Torre Alfina is located in central Italy at the northern edge of the Vulsini Volcanic District, the northernmost area of the so-called Quaternary Roman Co-Magmatic Province. In the framework of a medium-enthalpy geothermal exploitation project, INGV installed a local seismic network close to the future geothermal production site for monitoring natural local seismicity. In this paper, we show the results of a study of the microseismicity recorded from June 2014 to May 2016 in a small area of about 10 km2 around Torre Alfina. Analyzing seismic signals recorded by a local temporary network of ten short-period stations and by four permanent stations of the INGV national seismic network, we detected 846 local earthquakes. Then, we accurately relocated 799 events using HypoDD code. Our results show that the region of Torre Alfina is characterized by intense microseismicity, with hypocentral depths between 3 and 7 km and with moderate magnitudes between Md = 0.1 and ML = 2.8. Moreover, more than half of the earthquakes are grouped into six main swarm-like clusters each lasting few days. Furthermore, we computed 36 well-constrained fault plane solutions, which show a clear transtensional deformation regime in the whole study area. Three main tectonic directions have been evidenced from the focal mechanisms analysis: E-W, WSW-ENE, and NW-SE. The understanding of the seismogenic structural setting of the Torre Alfina geothermal field, and the study of its background natural seismicity can be of great importance in recognizing any possible future seismicity induced by the exploitation of the field.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1279–1298
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geothermal field ; Earthquake location ; Microseismicity ; Focal mechanism ; Central Italy ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-02-13
    Description: This article describes the IT infrastructure implemented by the Centre for the Monitoring of Subsoil activities to monitor the areas of competence of which, according to the provisions of the Addresses and Guidelines and following the appointment by the Ministry for Economic Development, the INGV is the Structure in charge of seismic and geodetic Monitoring. Particular attention is paid to the hardware and software infrastructure, the data formats used and their installation is described.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-32
    Description: 3SR TERREMOTI - Attività dei Centri
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Monitoraggio tempo reale ; Real time monitoring ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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