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  • 1
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    Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-09
    Description: The primary circadian pacemaker, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian brain, is photoentrained by light signals from the eyes through the retinohypothalamic tract. Retinal rod and cone cells are not required for photoentrainment. Recent evidence suggests that the entraining photoreceptors are retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that project to the SCN. The visual pigment for this photoreceptor may be melanopsin, an opsin-like protein whose coding messenger RNA is found in a subset of mammalian RGCs. By cloning rat melanopsin and generating specific antibodies, we show that melanopsin is present in cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal axonal segments of a subset of rat RGCs. In mice heterozygous for tau-lacZ targeted to the melanopsin gene locus, beta-galactosidase-positive RGC axons projected to the SCN and other brain nuclei involved in circadian photoentrainment or the pupillary light reflex. Rat RGCs that exhibited intrinsic photosensitivity invariably expressed melanopsin. Hence, melanopsin is most likely the visual pigment of phototransducing RGCs that set the circadian clock and initiate other non-image-forming visual functions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885915/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885915/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hattar, S -- Liao, H W -- Takao, M -- Berson, D M -- Yau, K W -- R37 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-13/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-14/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15S1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1065-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Axons/chemistry ; *Biological Clocks ; Brain/*cytology ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dendrites/chemistry ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Lac Operon ; *Light ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Optic Nerve/cytology ; Rats ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*chemistry/physiology ; Rod Opsins/*analysis/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/cytology ; Visual Pathways/cytology ; beta-Galactosidase/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Diminished pupillary light reflex at high irradiances in melanopsin-knockout mice (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: In the mammalian retina, a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are intrinsically photosensitive, express the opsin-like protein melanopsin, and project to brain nuclei involved in non-image-forming visual functions such as pupillary light reflex and circadian photoentrainment. We report that in mice with the melanopsin gene ablated, RGCs retrograde-labeled from the suprachiasmatic nuclei were no longer intrinsically photosensitive, although their number, morphology, and projections were unchanged. These animals showed a pupillary light reflex indistinguishable from that of the wild type at low irradiances, but at high irradiances the reflex was incomplete, a pattern that suggests that the melanopsin-associated system and the classical rod/cone system are complementary in function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lucas, R J -- Hattar, S -- Takao, M -- Berson, D M -- Foster, R G -- Yau, K-W -- R01 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-16A1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-13/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-14/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15S1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative and Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, St. Dunstans Road, London W6 8RF, UK. r.j.lucas@ic.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Ocular ; Animals ; Carbachol/pharmacology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Darkness ; *Light ; Light Signal Transduction ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Olivary Nucleus/cytology/physiology ; Phenotype ; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/physiology ; Pupil/drug effects/*physiology ; *Reflex, Pupillary ; Retinal Degeneration/genetics/physiopathology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology ; Rod Opsins/*genetics/*physiology ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Aberrant light directly impairs mood and learning through melanopsin-expressing neurons (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-16
    Description: The daily solar cycle allows organisms to synchronize their circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles to the correct temporal niche. Changes in day-length, shift-work, and transmeridian travel lead to mood alterations and cognitive function deficits. Sleep deprivation and circadian disruption underlie mood and cognitive disorders associated with irregular light schedules. Whether irregular light schedules directly affect mood and cognitive functions in the context of normal sleep and circadian rhythms remains unclear. Here we show, using an aberrant light cycle that neither changes the amount and architecture of sleep nor causes changes in the circadian timing system, that light directly regulates mood-related behaviours and cognitive functions in mice. Animals exposed to the aberrant light cycle maintain daily corticosterone rhythms, but the overall levels of corticosterone are increased. Despite normal circadian and sleep structures, these animals show increased depression-like behaviours and impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning. Administration of the antidepressant drugs fluoxetine or desipramine restores learning in mice exposed to the aberrant light cycle, suggesting that the mood deficit precedes the learning impairments. To determine the retinal circuits underlying this impairment of mood and learning, we examined the behavioural consequences of this light cycle in animals that lack intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. In these animals, the aberrant light cycle does not impair mood and learning, despite the presence of the conventional retinal ganglion cells and the ability of these animals to detect light for image formation. These findings demonstrate the ability of light to influence cognitive and mood functions directly through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3549331/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3549331/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉LeGates, Tara A -- Altimus, Cara M -- Wang, Hui -- Lee, Hey-Kyoung -- Yang, Sunggu -- Zhao, Haiqing -- Kirkwood, Alfredo -- Weber, E Todd -- Hattar, Samer -- R01 AG034606/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076430/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 22;491(7425):594-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11673. Epub 2012 Nov 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23151476" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Affect/drug effects/physiology/*radiation effects ; Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology ; Body Temperature Regulation/physiology/radiation effects ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology ; Cognition/drug effects/physiology/radiation effects ; Corticosterone/metabolism ; Depression/etiology/physiopathology ; Desipramine/pharmacology ; Fluoxetine/pharmacology ; Learning/drug effects/physiology/*radiation effects ; *Light ; Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects ; Male ; Memory/physiology/radiation effects ; Mice ; Photoperiod ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/*metabolism/*radiation effects ; *Rod Opsins/analysis ; Sleep/physiology ; Wakefulness/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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