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  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dynamic light scattering has been used to characterize a variety of lathyritic rat skin collagen solutions. The technique was used to monitor the onset of fibril assembly in vitro and to investigate the thermal memory effect. Although the incorporation of thermal memory was demonstrated by reheating the sample and subsequently observing a shortened turbidimetric lag phase, no significant differences between naive solutions and ones exhibiting thermal memory could be detected using photon correlation spectroscopy. This suggests that subtle changes in the state of the collagen molecules rather than extensive changes in the degree of aggregation are responsible for the thermal memory effect. During fibrillogenesis, no large-scale changes in the distribution of monomers or aggregates occur until near the end of the lag phase.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 23 (1972), S. 741-747 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eindrücke und Schlußfolgerungen der Tagung „Mechanische Eigenschaften und Haftung von Zunderschichten und ihr Einfluß auf die Oxydation von Metallen“Zusammenfassende Übersicht der auf der Tagung gebrachten Vorträge und Diskussionen. Zu den behandelten The- men gehörten die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Verformung von wachsenden Oxidschichten zum Ausgleich der Wachstumsspannungen. Die plastische Verformung kann nach verschiedenen Mechanismen erfolgen: Versetzungsgleitung, Versetzungssteigung, spannungsunterstütztes Diffusionskriechen nach Herring-Nabarro, Korngrenzengleitung, mechanische Zwillingsbildung und viskoses Fließen amorpher Oxide. Die Verformung ist abhängig von der Konfiguration des Zunders und dem einwirkenden Spannungssystem; viele Oxidsysteme sind bei hohen Temperaturen ziemlich plastisch, doch spielen Poren, Einschlüsse anderer Phasen u. ä. ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle. Nach übereinstimmender Ansicht gibt es starke Beweise für eine gewisse plastische Verformung in wachsenden Zunderschichten, wobei bei hohen Temperaturen diffusionskontrolliertes Kriechen in Verbindung mit Korngrenzengleitung bevorzugt sein dürfte. Zu den die Haftung des Zunders beeinflussenden Faktoren gehören elektrostatische Kräfte an der Grenzfläche Metall/Oxid, Unregelmäßigkeiten in der Grenzfläche, Spannung/Dehnung-Wechselwirkungen zwischen Oxid und Metall, Spannungrelaxationen in Metall und Oxid sowie das Vorliegen von Kerbstellen wie Leerräume, Einschlüsse und Poren an der Grenzfläche Metall/Oxid. Die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklung neuer Meßmethoden wird ebenfalls aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Review of the papers presented to the Conference and of discussions. The topics dealt with included the various ways in which growing oxide scales can deform to accommodate their growth stresses. According to that plastic deformation occurs by the following mechanisms: dislocation glide, dislocation climb, Herring-Nabarro stress-assisted diffusion creep, grain-boundary sliding, mechanical twinning and viscous flow of amorphous oxides. The deformation depends on the scale configuration and the stress system; many oxide systems are rather plastic at high temperatures, but pores, defect doping elements and second phase inclusions play important parts, too. It is generally accepted that the evidence for some plastic deformation in growing oxide scales is very strong, the most favoured mechanism at high temperatures being diffusion controlled creep associated with grain boundary sliding. Factors influencing adhesion of scales include electrostatic forces at the metalloxide interface, interface irregularities, stress/strain interactions between oxide and metal, stress relaxation in metal and oxide, and the presence of stress raisers such as voids, second phase particles and pores at the metal/oxide interface. The necessity of developing new measuring methods is pointed out, too.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wechselwirkungen Dehnung/Oxidation in Stählen und ModellegierungenDie Spannungen, die in Oxidfilmen auf zahlreichen für die Energieerzeugung wichtigen Werkstoffen entstehen, werden in Verbindung mit den jeweiligen Betriebs-bedingungen erörtert. Zu den betrachteten Themen gehören das Wachsen von Brennelementhülsen, das Abplatzen von Oxiden, die Bildung von mehrschichtigen Oxiden während der Innenkorrosion von Kesseln und er Sprödbruch von nicht-rostenden austenitischen Stählen. Die bei thermischer Wechselbeanspruchung entstehenden Spannungen werden eingehend betrachtet und die zur Rißbildung im film erforderlichen Temperaturänderungen erörtert und mit dem beobachteten Abplatzverhalten verglichen.
    Notes: Strain/oxidation interactions in steels and model alloys The strains generated in oxide films on a number of materials of interest to the power generation industry are considered in relation to their operating conditions. Topics discussed the growth of nuclear canning alloys, oxide spalling, the formation of multilayer oxides during internal boiler corrosion and low ductility failures in austenitic stainless steels. The strains induced during thermal cycling are considered in detail and the temperature changes required to cause film craking are estimated and compared with observed spalling behaviour.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 21 (1970), S. 917-924 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Transporteigenschaften und Defektstruktur des auf FeCr-Legierungen entstehenden Oxids (Fe, Cr2)O3Die Schutzeigenschaften einer auf einem Metall entstehenden Zunderschicht sind eng verbunden mit der Art des Stofftransports durch das Oxid. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Oxydations- verhalten der binären FeCr-Legierungen behandelt, welche die Grundlage zahlreicher technisch wichtiger Werkstoffe sind; gleichzeitig wird versucht, eine Beziehung zwischen Oxydationsverhalten einerseits und Defektstruktur und Transporteigenschaften der Oxide vom Typ (Fe, Cr)2O3, andererseits herzustellen. Die über dieses System vorhandenen Informationen be- schränken sich im wesentlichen auf die Endprodukte, nämlich Cr2O3 und Fe2O3. Das Chromoxid ist ein Oxid vom p-Typ rnit Kationenunterschuß, so daß der Kationentransport überwiegt. Das Eisenoxid hingegen ist ein Oxid vom n-Typ und enthält wahrscheinlich Eisen auf Zwischengitterplätzen sowie Sauerstoffleerstellen; die Transportgeschwindigkeiten für diese beiden Spezies sind vergleichbar, doch die Defektstruktur und die Eigenschaften der beiden Oxide sind bisher nur teilweise bekannt. Neue Messungen unter Verwendung von thermogravimetrischen, elektrischen und Hochtemperatur-Verformungstechniken zur Ermittlung der genannten Eigenschaften werden kurz beschrieben.Elektrische Messungen stützen die Hypothese, wonach bestimmte feste Lösungen von Cr2O3-Fe2O3 durch niedrigere Defektkonzentrationen und niedrigere Ionentransportgeschwindigkeiten als die reinen Oxide gekennzeichnet sind. Es gibt Anzeichen dafür, daß die auf einer binären Legierung mit etwa 20% Chrom entstehenden Zunderschichten etwa die Zusammensetzung haben, welche für niedrige Oxydationsgeschwindigkeiten erforderlich ist. Kurz eingegangen wird auf die mögliche Erweiterung der Theorie für die Bildung won stöchiometrisch zusammengesetzten Zunderschichten zum Schutz won ternären und noch komplexeren Legierungen.
    Notes: The protective properties of a scale forming on a metal are intimately relat-ed to the way in which matter is transported through the oxide. This report re-views the oxidation behaviour the bi-nary iron-chromium alloys which form the basis of many technologically important materials and attempts to relate it to the defect structure and transport properties of (Fe, Cr)2O3 oxides. Existing information on this system is mainly restricted to the end members, Cr2O3 and Fe2O3. The former is a cation deficient, p-type oxide and cation transport dominates. Fe2O3 is n-type, probably containing iron interstitials and oxygen vacancies, with comparable transport rates for both species, but the defect structure and properties of both oxides have been only partly characterized. New measurements by thermogravimetric, electrical and high temperature deformation techniques of these properties are briefly described.Electrical measurements support the hypothesis that certain solid solutions of Cr2O3-Fe2O3have lower defect concentrations and ionic transport rates than the pure oxides. There is evidence that scales of about the required composition form on the binary alloy containing about 20% Cr and are responsible for its low oxidation rate. Possible extensions of the theory to the design of highly stoichiometric scales for the protection of tornary and more complex alloys are briefly mentioned.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 17 (1955), S. 159-177 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystal structure of nylon 6 (—NH (CH2)5CO—)p has been determined by interpretation of the x-ray diffraction patterns given by drawn, rolled fibers. The determination was part of a program to investigate the relation between structure and physical properties, in particular melting point. Nylon 6 melts 50°C. lower than its isomer nylon 66 (—NH (CH2)6NH·CO (CH2)4CO—)p; it had been suggested that this was due to deficient hydrogen-bond formation in nylon 6 crystallites. The unit cell contains eight chemical units (—NH (CH2)5CO—) and is monoclinic with a = 9.56 A., b = 17.24 A., c = 8.01 A., and β = 671/2°. Calculated density = 1.23. Observed density for a drawn monofilament = 1.16. The structure consists of planar chains of CH2 groups and amide groups tilted 7° from the (001) plane. Alternate chains in this plane are oppositely directed, an arrangement which allows all hydrogen bonds to be made perfectly. The hydrogen-bonded sheets of atoms are packed in an “up-and-down” staggered configuration along the c-axis. Distances between atoms in neighboring molecules are all normal van der Waals contact distances. It appears, from a general survey of polyamide melting points published elsewhere, that the determining factor is the number of CH2 groups between the amide “anchor points” - polymers with odd numbers of CH2 groups melt lower than those with even numbers. The present work shows that the odd number of CH2 groups in this polymer does not lead to deficient hydrogenbond formation, and that the lower melting point of nylon 6 as compared with nylon 66 must be ascribed to some other cause, possibly connected with the propagation of vibrations along odd-numbered chain segments.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 24 (1957), S. 496-499 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 31 (1958), S. 345-358 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The orientation in the crystalline and amorphous regions of a series of polyethylene films prepared by the tubular films extrusion process has been studied by a combination of x-ray diffraction and optical methods. All of these films show a relaxation orientation differing both from the fully relaxed type of orientation previously proposed by the authors, and from the more complicated type of orientation suggested by Keller. In all films there is cylindrical symmetry about the machine direction and the b-axes of the crystallites are preferentially oriented in the plane perpendicular to this direction. The preferred directions of the a and c crystallite axes depend both on the extrusion conditions and on the nature of the polymer; at low blow-up ratios and high haul of speeds the c axes tend to lie more nearly parallel to the machine direction, but as the blow-up ratios is increased and the haul-off speed decreased rotation of the crystallites about their b axes occurs, and eventually the a axes tend to lie more nearly parallel to the machine direction. Both the preferred crystallite orientation and its angular distribution have been measured for a large number of films made from various ethylene polymers, and a linear relation between a function of the orientation angle and the optical birefringence has been established. As the c axes tilt away from the machine direction towards the plane perpendicular to this direction the birefringence steadily decreases, and eventually becomes negative. An expression is given for the birefringence of such a cylindrically symmetrical array of crystallites tilted to various angles, and is used to predict the orientation at which the crystallite birefringence contribution will be zero and also the extreme values of the crystalline birefringence contribution in the fully drawn and fully relaxed conditions. By comparing the theoretical and experimental relations between crystallite orientation and birefringence, it has been deduced that in these films the amorphous material appears to provide a nearly constant small positive contribution to the birefringence irrespective of the birefringence contribution of the crystallite regions; this means that in the negatively birefringent films some of the molecules in the amorphous regions are crossed with respect to those in the crystalline regions. When allowance is made for this amorphous contribution, crystallinities calculated from the extrapolated observed and theoretical extreme values of the birefringence are in reasonable agreement with the x-ray measured crystallinity of 45%. The mechanism resulting in the formation of this unusual orientation is considered in reference to the manufacturing process.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 42 (1960), S. 273-274 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 42 (1960), S. 274-274 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 46 (1960), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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