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  • 1
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    Generation, characterization and potential therapeutic applications of mature and functional hepatocytes from stem cells (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-28
    Description: Liver cancer is the sixth most common tumor in the world and the majority of patients with this disease usually die within one year. The effective treatment for end-stage liver disease (also known as liver failure), including liver cancer or cirrhosis, is liver transplantation. However, there is a severe shortage of liver donors worldwide, which is the major handicap for the treatment of patients with liver failure. Scarcity of liver donors underscores the urgent need of using stem cell therapy to the end-stage liver disease. Notably, hepatocytes have recently been generated from hepatic and extra-hepatic stem cells. We have obtained mature and functional hepatocytes from rat hepatic stem cells. Here we review the advancements on hepatic differentiation from various stem cells, including hepatic stem cells, embryonic stem (ES) cells, the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and probably spermatogonial stem cells. The advantages, disadvantages, and concerns on differentiation of these stem cells into hepatic cells are highlighted. We further address the methodologies, phenotypes, and functional characterization on the differentiation of numerous stem cells into hepatic cells. Differentiation of stem cells into mature and functional hepatocytes, especially from an extra-hepatic stem cell source, would circumvent the scarcity of liver donors and human hepatocytes, and most importantly it would offer an ideal and promising source of hepatocytes for cell therapy and tissue engineering in treating liver disease. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-4652
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Synchronous Periadriatic magmatism in the Western and Central Alps in the absence of slab breakoff (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Periadriatic Alpine magmatism has long been attributed to slab breakoff after Adria–Europe continental collision, but this interpretation is challenged by geophysical data suggesting the existence of a continuous slab. Here, we shed light on this issue based on a comprehensive dataset of zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions from the main western Periadriatic intrusives (from Traversella to Adamello). Our zircon U–Pb data provide the first evidence of Eocene magmatism in the Western Alps (42–41 Ma in Traversella), and demonstrate that magmatism started synchronously in different segments of the Alpine belt, when subduction was still active. Zircon U–Pb ages define younging trends perpendicular to the strike of the European slab, suggesting a progressive Eocene–Oligocene slab steepening. We propose that slab steepening enhanced the corner flow. This process was more effective near the torn edge of the European slab, and triggered Periadriatic magmatism in the absence of slab breakoff.
    Print ISSN: 0954-4879
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-3121
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    Dynamic Product‐Level Analysis of In‐Use Aluminum Stocks in the United States (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Summary This study estimates product‐level in‐use stocks of aluminum in the United States for the period 1960–2009 (or longer in some cases) and explores patterns of the historical evolution of in‐use aluminum stocks at both product and sector levels. The principal findings are the following: (1) results estimated by the product‐level methods in this study match reasonably well with those estimated by the sector‐level method for five sectors (except the Machinery and Equipment sector), meaning that the methods verify the robustness and reliability of each other; (2) after early period(s) of increase since aluminum‐containing products were introduced into the market, in‐use aluminum stocks at the product level, based on either absolute, per capita, or per household terms, follow one of four different patterns (Increase, Decrease, Saturation, and Fluctuation), determined by the historical evolution of product stocks and flows and aluminum contents in products; and (3) when aggregated, in‐use aluminum stocks at the product level can be used to compare with and explain the historical evolution of the in‐use aluminum stocks at the sector level that are estimated by the top‐down method, with only a few products dominating or significantly influencing the historical evolution pattern for a whole sector. These results may enable manufacturers, metal suppliers, recyclers, and governments to plan their material‐related policies and actions with increased precision compared to previous top‐down results that are only available at the sector level.
    Print ISSN: 1088-1980
    Electronic ISSN: 1530-9290
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 4
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    Recycling Rates of Aluminum in the United States (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-24
    Description: Recycling rates of aluminum are defined in different (sometimes inconsistent) ways and poorly quantified. To address this situation, the definitions and calculation methods of four groups of indicators are specified for the United States: (1) indicators used to measure recycling efficiencies of old aluminum scrap at the end-of-life (EOL) stage, including EOL collection rate (CR), EOL processing rate, EOL recycling rate, and EOL domestic recycling rate; (2) indicators used to compare generation or use of new with old scrap, including new to old scrap ratio, new scrap ratio (NSR), and old scrap ratio; (3) indicators used to compare production or use of primary aluminum with secondary aluminum, including four recycling input rates (RIRs); and (4) indicators used to track the sinks of aluminum metal in the U.S. anthroposphere. I find that the central estimate of EOL CR varies between 38% and 65% in the United States from 1980 to 2009 and shares a relatively similar historical trend with the primary aluminum price. The RIR is shown to be significantly reduced if excluding secondary aluminum produced from new scrap resulting from the relatively high NSR. In 2003, a time when approximately 73% of all of the aluminum produced globally since 1950 was considered to still be “in service,” approximately 68% to 69% of all metallic aluminum that had entered the U.S. anthroposphere since 1900 was still in use: 67% in domestic in-use stock and 1% to 2% exported as scrap. Only 6% to 7% was definitely lost to the environment, although the destination of 25% of the aluminum was unknown. It was either exported as EOL products, was currently hibernating, or was lost during collection.
    Print ISSN: 1088-1980
    Electronic ISSN: 1530-9290
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 5
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    Dynamic Product-Level Analysis of In-Use Aluminum Stocks in the United States (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-11-23
    Description: This study estimates product-level in-use stocks of aluminum in the United States for the period 1960–2009 (or longer in some cases) and explores patterns of the historical evolution of in-use aluminum stocks at both product and sector levels. The principal findings are the following: (1) results estimated by the product-level methods in this study match reasonably well with those estimated by the sector-level method for five sectors (except the Machinery and Equipment sector), meaning that the methods verify the robustness and reliability of each other; (2) after early period(s) of increase since aluminum-containing products were introduced into the market, in-use aluminum stocks at the product level, based on either absolute, per capita, or per household terms, follow one of four different patterns (Increase, Decrease, Saturation, and Fluctuation), determined by the historical evolution of product stocks and flows and aluminum contents in products; and (3) when aggregated, in-use aluminum stocks at the product level can be used to compare with and explain the historical evolution of the in-use aluminum stocks at the sector level that are estimated by the top-down method, with only a few products dominating or significantly influencing the historical evolution pattern for a whole sector. These results may enable manufacturers, metal suppliers, recyclers, and governments to plan their material-related policies and actions with increased precision compared to previous top-down results that are only available at the sector level.
    Print ISSN: 1088-1980
    Electronic ISSN: 1530-9290
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 6
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    Effects of mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway and high thoracic epidural anesthesia on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via autophagy in rats (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-12-06
    Description: We investigated the role of mammalian target of rapamycin/nuclear factor-kappa B (mTOR/NF-κB) signaling pathway in high thoracic epidural anesthesia (HTEA) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. The rat model of myocardial I/R injury was established. Ninety rats were divided into the normal, sham, I/R, eHTEA, the PDTC and HTEA + PDTC groups. ELISA was applied to detect cardiac function indexes. HE staining was conducted to observe histopathological changes of myocardial tissues, and TTC staining was performed to detect the myocardial infarction size. TUNEL staining was adopted to detect the cell apoptosis rate. The mRNA and protein levels of mTOR, NF-κB, Fasl, Bcl-2 and Bax, and LC3-I, LC3-II, BNIP3 and Atg5 were detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively. The findings indicated that compared with the normal and sham groups, the I/R, PDTC and HTEA groups showed the larger myocardial infarction size and increased cell apoptosis rate, while the results in the HTEA + PDTC group were opposite. Compared with the normal and sham groups, the I/R group showed reduced mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2, LC3, BNIP3, and Atg5, and elevated mRNA and protein levels of mTOR, p50, p65, Bax and Fasl, while the HTEA + PDTC group revealed the opposite results, and the PDTC and HTEA group revealed the increased mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2, LC3, BNIP3, Atg5, mTOR, p50, p65, Bax and Fasl. These results prove that the inhibition of mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway potentiates HTEA against myocardial IR injury by autophagy and apoptosis in rats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-4652
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    Vegetation cover - another dominant factor in determining global water resources in forested regions (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-11-16
    Description: Forested catchments provide critically important water resources. Due to dramatic global forest change over the past decades, the importance of including forest or vegetation change in the assessment of water resources under climate change has been highly recognized by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); however, this importance has not yet been examined quantitatively across the globe. Here, we used four remote sensing-based indices to represent changes in vegetation cover in forest dominated regions, and then applied them to widely-used models: the Fuh model and the Choudhury-Yang model to assess relative contributions of vegetation and climate changes to annual runoff variations from 2000 to 2011 in forested landscape (forest coverage 〉 30%) across the globe. Our simulations show that the global average variation in annual runoff due to change in vegetation cover is 30.7 ± 22.5% with the rest attributed to climate change. Large annual runoff variation in response to vegetation change are found in tropical and boreal forests due to greater forest losses. Our simulations also demonstrate both offsetting and additive effects of vegetation cover and climate in determining water resource change. We conclude that vegetation cover change must be included in any global models for assessing global water resource change under climate change in forest-dominant areas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 8
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    Nitrogen deposition weakens plant-microbe interactions in grassland ecosystems (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stoichiometry is a main driver of ecosystem functioning. Global N enrichment has greatly changed soil C:N ratios, but how altered resource stoichiometry influences the complexity of direct and indirect interactions among plants, soils, and microbial communities has rarely been explored. Here, we investigated the responses of the plant-soil-microbe system to multi-level N additions and the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic N stoichiometry in regulating microbial biomass in semiarid grassland in northern China. We documented a significant positive correlation between DOC and inorganic N across the N addition gradient, which contradicts to the negative nonlinear correlation between nitrate accrual and DOC availability commonly observed in natural ecosystems. Using hierarchical structural equation modeling, we found that soil acidification resulting from N addition, rather than changes in the plant community, was most closely related to shifts in soil microbial community composition and decline of microbial respiration. These findings indicate a down-regulating effect of high N availability on plant-microbe interactions. That is, with the limiting factor for microbial biomass shifting from resource stoichiometry to soil acidity, N enrichment weakens the bottom-up control of soil microorganisms by plant-derived C sources. These results highlight the importance of integratively studying the plant-soil-microbe system in improving our understanding of ecosystem functioning under conditions of global N enrichment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 9
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    Multi‐model assessment of global temperature variability on different time scales (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract This study explores the near‐surface air temperature (TAS) prediction skills at different time scales via coupled climate models that were involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). The simulation skills of the global mean TAS are first assessed between the observations and models; then, the temporal variability is separated into three parts (the linear trend, decadal variability and interannual variability), and each part is compared with the observations. It is found that the global mean TAS anomaly and the decadal variability are well captured by the model, while the interannual variability is poorly presented. In all the three parts of different time scales, there are larger differences among the 18 models, and the ensemble mean of CMIP5 is the closest to the observations. Besides, the TAS decadal variability is better presented for global ocean than for global land. In the assessment of climate oscillation, it is found that the models can well reproduce the TAS decadal variation patterns correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the interannual variation patterns correlated with El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) but poor for the decadal variation patterns related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This study provides a reference that assessing the simulation skills of climate models and an indicator that evaluating the advantage of CMIP6 in comparison with CMIP5. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Influences of PON1 on Airway Inflammation and Remodeling in Bronchial Asthma (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-29
    Description: This study aims to explore the influences of Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) involved in airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. Mice were divided into control, asthma, asthma + PON1 and asthma + NC groups, and asthma models were established via aerosol inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA). HE, Masson and PAS stains were used to observe airway inflammation and remodeling, Giemsa staining to assess inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), qRT-PCR and western blot to detect PON1 expression, lipid peroxidation and glutathione assays to quantify malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) levels, ELISA to determine inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin, and colorimetry to detect PON1 activities. Additionally, mice lung macrophages and fibroblasts were transfected with PON1 plasmid in vitro ; ELISA and qRT-PCR were performed to understand the effects of PON1 on inflammatory cytokines secreted by lung macrophages, MTT assay for lung fibroblasts proliferation and qRT-PCR and western blot for the expressions of PON1, COL1A1 and fibronectin. A fter overexpression of PON1, the asthma mice had decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis degree, and airway wall thickness; inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokines in BALF were also reduced, expressions of OVA-IgE and IgG1, and MDA activity were decreased, but the expressions of OVA-IgG2a and INF-γ and GSH levels were increased. Besides, PON1 significantly inhibited microphage expression of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines, lung fibroblast proliferation, and COL1A1 and fibronectin expression. Thus, PON1 could relieve airway inflammation and airway remodeling in asthmatic mice and inhibit the secretion of LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory cytokines and the proliferation of lung fibroblasts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Electronic ISSN: 0091-7419
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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