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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 363-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anal-gland compounds ; 2-propylthietane ; 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane ; stoat ; vole ; red fox urine ; feces ; 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline ; crop protection ; feeding suppression ; orchard ; interspecific communication ; kairomones ; predator odors ; Microtus spp. ; Vulpes vulpes ; mustelids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the influence of the major anal-gland compounds from the stoat (Mustela erminea) and fecal and urine compounds from the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in generating an avoidance response by montane voles (Microtus montanus), as well as suppressing feeding by montane and meadow (M. pennsylvanicus) voles on apple trees in orchards. In trap bioassays, a 1∶1 mixture of 2-propylthietane and 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane significantly reduced vole captures. Other mixtures of stoat compounds reduced the number of new voles captured but not total individuals. 2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline, a component of fox feces, significantly reduced vole captures in one of two bioassays. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) did not show a negative response to any predator odor. In overwinter field bioassays, mixtures of 2-propylthietane and 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane clearly reduced vole feeding on apple trees in four test blocks. 2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline and a synthetic fox urine mixture also significantly reduced vole attack in respective orchard blocks. Similarly, the intensity of vole feeding, in terms of amount of bark and vascular tissues removed from trees, was reduced by 60% to 97% in predator odor treatments compared with the control. Our study reports the first long-term (four to five months) use of synthetic semiochemicals as area repellents for crop protection from vole feeding damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01022552
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the plant antifeedant, pinosylvin, on suppression of feeding by snowshoe hares (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1151-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant antifeedants ; pinosylvin ; pinosylvin methyl ether ; snowshoe hare ; Lepus americanus ; herbivore ; lodgepole pine ; forest plantation ; release devices ; feeding suppression ; crop protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the influence of the plant antifeedants, pinosylvin and pinosylvin methyl ether (PME), on suppression of feeding by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Screening bioassays showed clearly that pinosylvin suppressed feeding by hares when sprayed directly on coniferous tree seedlings. Pinosylvin odor, when associated with food (but not mixed with it), also significantly reduced consumption of rabbit chow by hares. Large pen bioassays indicated that both pinosylvin and PME significantly reduced feeding on tree seedlings by hares when the antifeedants were sprayed directly on trees. In field bioassays near Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, pinosylvin sprayed on trees and encapsulated in controlled-release devices of PVC plastic, with an internal wire as a twist-tie for attachment to tree, significantly reduced feeding by hares. Thus, pinosylvin will generate an “avoidance response” in terms of feeding by snowshoe hares. This response is likely triggered by an olfactory pathway based on positive results with controlledrelease devices attached to seedlings. Our study reports the first practical utilization of plant antifeedants for forest crop protection and wildlife management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980070
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding responses of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) to volatile constituents of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) urine (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 729-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Red fox urine ; snowshoe hare ; crop protection ; sulfur-containing compounds ; kairomones ; forestry ; volatile constituents ; feeding suppression ; bioassays ; synthetic urine mixture ; interspecific communication ; Vulpes vulpes ; Lepus americanus ; 3-methyl-3-butenyl methyl sulfide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the influence of the volatile constituents of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) urine in suppressing feeding by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) on coniferous tree seedlings. Pen and field bioassays indicated that the odor of fox urine and its principal component, 3-methyl-3-butenyl methyl sulfide, had a negative effect on feeding behavior of hares. The other sulfur-containing compounds, 2-phenylethyl methyl sulfide and 3-methylbutyl methyl sulfide, as well as six other constituents, were not effective. Synthetic urine mixtures composed of eight and nine volatile constituents, respectively, did not suppress feeding in pen bioassays. However, the mixture of eight compounds in a field bioassay did result in significantly fewer seedlings being eaten by hares than in the control. 3-Methyl-3-butenyl methyl sulfide may act as an interspecific chemical signal which induces a fear or avoidance response in hares. Additional work is required to determine the optimum concentration and release system for 3-methyl-3-butenyl methyl sulfide to be used as a mammalian semiochemical in crop protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of mustelid scent-gland compounds on suppression of feeding by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1809-1821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scent-gland compounds ; thietanes ; dithiolanes ; sulfur-containing compounds ; mustelids ; snowshoe hare ; lodgepole pine ; forestry ; crop protection ; feeding suppression ; interspecific communication ; kairomones ; Lepus americanus ; Pinus contorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the influence of mustelid anal-gland compounds in suppressing feeding by snowshoe hares on coniferous tree seedlings. Pen and field bioassays indicated that 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane from the stoat (Mustela erminea), and secondarily, 2,2-dimethylthietane from the mink (M. vison) had a very negative effect on feeding behavior of hares. The major component of stoat anal gland secretions, 2-propylthietane, and the related compounds, thietane and 2-methylthietane, were not effective. 3,3-Dimethyl-1,2-dithiolane from the least weasel (M. nivalis) and ferret (M. putorius) and di-n-propyldisulfide (acyclic analog of 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane) similarly did not affect hare feeding. 3-Propyl-1,2-dithiolane and 2,2-dimethylthietane (also found inM. erminea) may act as interspecific chemical signals which induce a fear or avoidance response in hares. Such compounds have outstanding potential as area repellents to reduce crop and livestock depredations. Our study reports one of the first practical utilizations of mammalian semiochemicals in crop protection and wildlife management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987363
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of release devices for stoat (Mustela ermined) semiochemicals used as montane vole (Microtus montanus) repellents (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 951-957 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Montane vole ; stoat ; release devices ; 2-propylthietane ; 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane ; crop protection ; feeding suppression ; rubber septa ; capillary tubes ; plastic rope ; clay pellets ; Microtus montanus ; Mustela erminea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fenced enclosures were used to simulate peak populations of montane voles (Microtus montanus) for field bioassays of a stoat (Mustela erminea) scent mixture in various controlled-release devices. A 1∶ 1 mixture of 2-propylthietane and 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane was dispensed in capillary tubes, clay pellets (activated alumina), rubber septa, and plastic rope. Release devices were placed near, or attached to, young apple trees planted in blocks in two enclosures containing high populations of voles. The stoat scent mixture in rubber septa and plastic rope significantly reduced vole attack of trees compared with a control, pellets, and capillary tubes. In terms of complete girdling (tree mortality), this odor in septa and rope also significantly reduced feeding compared with the control, and the rubber septa formulation was more effective than either the pellets or capillary tubes. Fenced populations of voles may be used effectively to conduct field bioassays during low years in vole cycles. Variations of release devices (with this stoat scent mixture) based on rubber septa for broadcast application to depress vole population density and survival, and plastic rope attached to individual trees to generate an avoidance response, should be used for forest and agricultural crop protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016503
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