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  • 1
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    Thermally induced deterioration behaviour of two dolomitic marbles under heating-cooling cycles (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-01
    Description: Thermally induced deterioration behaviour can cause severe weathering in marbles. Most previous studies focus on the deterioration behaviour of calcitic marbles. Relevant studies of dolomitic marbles are generally carried out under a ‘high temperature and low cycling times' condition. Little attention is focused on the deterioration behaviour in dolomitic marbles when they are subjected to a large quantity of heating–cooling cycles under a ‘low temperature and high cycling times’ condition. This paper presents experimental investigations on the thermally induced deterioration behaviour of two Beijing dolomitic marbles (Qingbaishi Marble (QM) and Hanbaiyu Marble (HM)) under heating–cooling cycles up to 1000 cycling times. The applied temperature range is from –20°C to 60°C which is to simulate the seasonal temperature variations in Beijing city, China. Related properties such as weight loss, three-dimensional microtopography, elastic wave velocity and uniaxial compressive strength were measured at certain cycles. The results indicate that thermally induced deterioration behaviour will result in a continuous weight loss in dolomitic marble samples. Mechanical properties of those two marbles are strongly affected by heating and cooling treatments, which were reflected by the reductions of dynamic Young's modulus and uniaxial compressive strength with an increase of thermal cycles. Compared with QM, HM displays a higher level of thermally induced deterioration which should be due to the abundance of quartz mineral.
    Keywords: engineering geology
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 2
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    Sexual selection in a multilevel society (2016)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Description: Sexual selection typically produces ornaments in response to mate choice, and armaments in response to male–male competition. Unusually among mammals, many primates exhibit colour signals that may be related to one or both processes. Here, we document for the first time correlates of facial coloration in one of the more brightly coloured primates, the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus bieti ). Snub-nosed monkeys have a one-male unit (OMU) based social organization, but these units aggregate semi-permanently into larger bands. This form of mating system causes many males to become associated with bachelor groups. We quantified redness of the prominent lower lip in 15 males (eight bachelors, seven OMU holders) in a group at Xiangguqing, China. Using mixed models, our results show that lip redness increases with age. More interestingly, there is a significant effect of the interaction of group-holding status and mating season on redness; that is, lip colour of OMU males undergoes reddening in the mating season, whereas the lips of subadult and juvenile bachelor males become paler at that time of year. These results indicate that lip coloration is a badge of (group-holding) status during the mating season, with non-adults undergoing facial differentiation, perhaps to avoid the costs of reproductive competition. Future research should investigate whether lip coloration is a product of male–male competition, and/or female mate choice.
    Keywords: behaviour
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 3
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    Electrochemical performance of ZnO-coated Li4Ti5O12 composite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries with the voltage ranging from 3 to 0.01 V (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-01
    Description: Oxide is widely used in modifying cathode and anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In this work, a facile method of radio magnetron sputtering is introduced to deposit a thin film on Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 composite electrodes. The pristine and modified Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 electrodes are characterized at an extended voltage range of 3–0.01 V. The reversible capacity reaches a high level of 286 mAh g –1 , which is a little less than its theoretical capacity (293 mAh g –1 ). Electrodes modified by ZnO thin films with various thickness show elevated rate capability and improved cycle performance.
    Keywords: materials science, power and energy systems
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 4
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    Effects of thermal treatment on the properties of defatted soya bean flour and its adhesion to plywood (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-03
    Description: With an attempt to economically and efficiently improve the water resistance of defatted soya bean flour (DSF)-based wood adhesives, DSF was subjected to thermal treatment at various temperatures (65°C, 80°C, 95°C, 110°C and 125°C) for 30 min. The effects of thermal treatment temperature onto the chemical structure, crystalline degree, water-insoluble content and acetaldehyde value of the thermally treated DSF (T-DSF) were investigated. The thermal stabilities and bonding properties of soya bean adhesives prepared from T-DSF and cross-linker epichlorohydrin-modified polyamide (EMPA) were also investigated. Test results indicated that both the water-insoluble content and the acetaldehyde value of T-DSF increased after thermal treatment, reaching the highest values of 27.28% and 26.81 mg g –1 , respectively. All plywood bonded with the T-DSF-based adhesive withstood a 28 h boiling–dry–boiling accelerated ageing treatment, while plywood bonded with the DSF-based adhesive delaminated after 4 h of water boiling, demonstrating the significantly improved water resistance of the T-DSF-based adhesives. Related analyses also confirmed that this improvement was due to: (i) the formation of insoluble cross-linked structures of T-DSF resulting from protein–protein self-cross-linking reactions and the protein–carbohydrate Maillard reaction and (ii) increased cross-linking efficiency between T-DSF and cross-linker EMPA owing to more T-DSF-reactive groups being released after thermal treatment.
    Keywords: materials science
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 5
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    Cavitating flow-induced unsteady pressure pulsations in a low specific speed centrifugal pump (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-05
    Description: With the development of cavitation, the high-energy pressure wave from a cavitation bubble collapsing is detrimental to the stable operation of centrifugal pumps. The present paper concentrates on pressure pulsations under cavitation conditions, and pressure amplitudes at the blade-passing frequency ( f BPF ) and RMS values in the 0–500 Hz frequency band are combined to investigate cavitation-induced pressure pulsations. The results show that components at f BPF always dominate the pressure spectrum even at the full cavitation stage. For points P1–P7 on the volute side wall, with a decreasing cavitation number, the pressure energy first remains unchanged and then it rises rapidly after the critical point. For point In1 in a volute suction pipe located close to the cavitation region, the pressure energy changes slightly at high cavitation numbers; then for a particular cavitation number range, the pressure energy decreases, and finally increases again. For different flow rates, the pressure energy at the critical point is much lower than the initial amplitude at the non-cavitation condition for In1. This demonstrates that the cavitation cloud in the typical stage is partially compressible, and the emitted pressure wave from a collapsing cavitation bubble is absorbed and attenuated significantly. Finally, this leads to the pressure energy decreasing rapidly for the measuring point In1 near the cavitation region.
    Keywords: mechanical engineering, power and energy systems, fluid mechanics
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 6
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    On the durability of Burkea africana heartwood: evidence of biocidal and hydrophobic properties responsible for durability (2004)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-01
    Print ISSN: 1286-4560
    Electronic ISSN: 1297-966X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
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    Transcriptomic inspection revealed a possible pathway regulating the formation of the high-quality brush hair in Chinese Haimen goat (Capra hircus) (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-11
    Description: The high-quality brush hair, or Type III brush hair, is coarse hair but with a tip and little medulla, which uniquely grows in the cervical carina of Chinese Haimen goat ( Capra hircus ). To unveil the mechanism of the formation of Type III brush hair in Haimen goats, transcriptomic RNAseq technology was used for screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the skin samples of the Type III and the non-Type III hair goats, and these DEGs were analysed by KEGG pathway analysis. The results showed that a total of 295 DEGs were obtained, mainly from three main functional types: cellular component, molecular function and biological process. These DEGs were mainly enriched in three KEGG pathways, such as protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, MAPK, and complement and coagulation cascades. These DEGs gave hints to a possible mechanism, under which heat stress possibly initiated the formation. The study provided some useful biological information, which could give a new view about the roles of certain factors in hair growth and give hints on the mechanism of the formation of the Type III brush hair in Chinese Haimen goat.
    Keywords: biochemistry, bioinformatics, developmental biology
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 8
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    Non-destructive geographical traceability of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) using near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-18
    Description: Sea cucumber is the major tonic seafood worldwide, and geographical origin traceability is an important part of its quality and safety control. In this work, a non-destructive method for origin traceability of sea cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ) from northern China Sea and East China Sea using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and multivariate analysis methods was proposed. Total fat contents of 189 fresh sea cucumber samples were determined and partial least-squares (PLS) regression was used to establish the quantitative NIRS model. The ordered predictor selection algorithm was performed to select feasible wavelength regions for the construction of PLS and identification models. The identification model was developed by principal component analysis combined with Mahalanobis distance and scaling to the first range algorithms. In the test set of the optimum PLS models, the root mean square error of prediction was 0.45, and correlation coefficient was 0.90. The correct classification rates of 100% were obtained in both identification calibration model and test model. The overall results indicated that NIRS method combined with chemometric analysis was a suitable tool for origin traceability and identification of fresh sea cucumber samples from nine origins in China.
    Keywords: spectroscopy, analytical chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 9
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    Exploring the difference in xerogels and organogels through in situ observation (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-01
    Description: Solvent–gelator interactions play a key role in mediating organogel formation and ultimately determine the physico-chemical properties of the organogels and xerogels. The ethanol organogels of 1,4-bis[(3,4,5-trihexyloxy phenyl)hydrazide]phenylene (TC6) were investigated in situ by FT-IR, Raman and fluorescence spectra, and XRD, and it was confirmed that the intermolecular interaction and aggregation structure of TC6 ethanol organogels were quite different from those of xerogels. Simultaneously, unprecedented phase transition from organogel to suspension upon heating was observed in ethanol organogel, and the suspension phase exhibited lytropic liquid crystalline behaviour with a rectangular columnar structure. This study may open the possibility to design new gelators with a new dimension of versatility.
    Keywords: organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
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    Artificial bee colony-based support vector machines with feature selection and parameter optimization for rule extraction (2017)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-08
    Print ISSN: 0219-1377
    Electronic ISSN: 0219-3116
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Springer
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