Publication Date:
2014-03-22
Description:
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reproducibly associated variants within introns of FTO with increased risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although the molecular mechanisms linking these noncoding variants with obesity are not immediately obvious, subsequent studies in mice demonstrated that FTO expression levels influence body mass and composition phenotypes. However, no direct connection between the obesity-associated variants and FTO expression or function has been made. Here we show that the obesity-associated noncoding sequences within FTO are functionally connected, at megabase distances, with the homeobox gene IRX3. The obesity-associated FTO region directly interacts with the promoters of IRX3 as well as FTO in the human, mouse and zebrafish genomes. Furthermore, long-range enhancers within this region recapitulate aspects of IRX3 expression, suggesting that the obesity-associated interval belongs to the regulatory landscape of IRX3. Consistent with this, obesity-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with expression of IRX3, but not FTO, in human brains. A direct link between IRX3 expression and regulation of body mass and composition is demonstrated by a reduction in body weight of 25 to 30% in Irx3-deficient mice, primarily through the loss of fat mass and increase in basal metabolic rate with browning of white adipose tissue. Finally, hypothalamic expression of a dominant-negative form of Irx3 reproduces the metabolic phenotypes of Irx3-deficient mice. Our data suggest that IRX3 is a functional long-range target of obesity-associated variants within FTO and represents a novel determinant of body mass and composition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113484/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉 〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113484/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smemo, Scott -- Tena, Juan J -- Kim, Kyoung-Han -- Gamazon, Eric R -- Sakabe, Noboru J -- Gomez-Marin, Carlos -- Aneas, Ivy -- Credidio, Flavia L -- Sobreira, Debora R -- Wasserman, Nora F -- Lee, Ju Hee -- Puviindran, Vijitha -- Tam, Davis -- Shen, Michael -- Son, Joe Eun -- Vakili, Niki Alizadeh -- Sung, Hoon-Ki -- Naranjo, Silvia -- Acemel, Rafael D -- Manzanares, Miguel -- Nagy, Andras -- Cox, Nancy J -- Hui, Chi-Chung -- Gomez-Skarmeta, Jose Luis -- Nobrega, Marcelo A -- DK020595/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK093972/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK20595/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL114010/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL119967/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- MH090937/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH101820/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK020595/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P60 DK020595/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK093972/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL114010/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL119967/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH090937/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH101820/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007381/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32HL007381/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U54 AR052646/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 20;507(7492):371-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13138. Epub 2014 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2]. ; 1] Centro Andaluz de Biologia del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, Sevilla 41013, Spain [2]. ; 1] Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada [2]. ; Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; Centro Andaluz de Biologia del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, Sevilla 41013, Spain. ; Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada. ; Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain. ; 1] Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24646999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
Keywords:
Adipose Tissue/metabolism
;
Animals
;
Basal Metabolism/genetics
;
Body Mass Index
;
Body Weight/genetics
;
Brain/metabolism
;
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
;
Diet
;
Genes, Dominant/genetics
;
Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism
;
Humans
;
Hypothalamus/metabolism
;
Introns/*genetics
;
Male
;
Mice
;
Mixed Function Oxygenases/*genetics
;
Obesity/*genetics
;
Oxo-Acid-Lyases/*genetics
;
Phenotype
;
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
;
Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
;
Proteins/*genetics
;
Thinness/genetics
;
Transcription Factors/deficiency/*genetics/metabolism
;
Zebrafish/embryology/genetics
Print ISSN:
0028-0836
Electronic ISSN:
1476-4687
Topics:
Biology
,
Chemistry and Pharmacology
,
Medicine
,
Natural Sciences in General
,
Physics
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