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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: Countries must learn how to capitalize on their citizens' cognitive resources if they are to prosper, both economically and socially. Early interventions will be key.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beddington, John -- Cooper, Cary L -- Field, John -- Goswami, Usha -- Huppert, Felicia A -- Jenkins, Rachel -- Jones, Hannah S -- Kirkwood, Tom B L -- Sahakian, Barbara J -- Thomas, Sandy M -- BB/C008200/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0400574/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1057-60. doi: 10.1038/4551057a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Government Office for Science, London.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948946" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/psychology ; Child ; Child Development ; Cost of Illness ; Depression/economics ; Great Britain ; Humans ; Learning Disorders/economics ; Mental Disorders/*economics/prevention & control/psychology ; *Mental Health ; Risk Factors ; Work/psychology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Anthropogenic addition of bioavailable nitrogen to the biosphere is increasing and terrestrial ecosystems are becoming increasingly nitrogen-saturated, causing more bioavailable nitrogen to enter groundwater and surface waters. Large-scale nitrogen budgets show that an average of about 20-25 per cent of the nitrogen added to the biosphere is exported from rivers to the ocean or inland basins, indicating that substantial sinks for nitrogen must exist in the landscape. Streams and rivers may themselves be important sinks for bioavailable nitrogen owing to their hydrological connections with terrestrial systems, high rates of biological activity, and streambed sediment environments that favour microbial denitrification. Here we present data from nitrogen stable isotope tracer experiments across 72 streams and 8 regions representing several biomes. We show that total biotic uptake and denitrification of nitrate increase with stream nitrate concentration, but that the efficiency of biotic uptake and denitrification declines as concentration increases, reducing the proportion of in-stream nitrate that is removed from transport. Our data suggest that the total uptake of nitrate is related to ecosystem photosynthesis and that denitrification is related to ecosystem respiration. In addition, we use a stream network model to demonstrate that excess nitrate in streams elicits a disproportionate increase in the fraction of nitrate that is exported to receiving waters and reduces the relative role of small versus large streams as nitrate sinks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mulholland, Patrick J -- Helton, Ashley M -- Poole, Geoffrey C -- Hall, Robert O -- Hamilton, Stephen K -- Peterson, Bruce J -- Tank, Jennifer L -- Ashkenas, Linda R -- Cooper, Lee W -- Dahm, Clifford N -- Dodds, Walter K -- Findlay, Stuart E G -- Gregory, Stanley V -- Grimm, Nancy B -- Johnson, Sherri L -- McDowell, William H -- Meyer, Judy L -- Valett, H Maurice -- Webster, Jackson R -- Arango, Clay P -- Beaulieu, Jake J -- Bernot, Melody J -- Burgin, Amy J -- Crenshaw, Chelsea L -- Johnson, Laura T -- Niederlehner, B R -- O'Brien, Jonathan M -- Potter, Jody D -- Sheibley, Richard W -- Sobota, Daniel J -- Thomas, Suzanne M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):202-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06686.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. mulhollandpj@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Human Activities ; Nitrates/*analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrites/*analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Plants/metabolism ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Urbanization
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2009-12-25
    Description: Since its initial discovery nearly a decade ago, non-volcanic tremor has provided information about a region of the Earth that was previously thought incapable of generating seismic radiation. A thorough explanation of the geologic process responsible for tremor generation has, however, yet to be determined. Owing to their location at the plate interface, temporal correlation with geodetically measured slow-slip events and dominant shear wave energy, tremor observations in southwest Japan have been interpreted as a superposition of many low-frequency earthquakes that represent slip on a fault surface. Fluids may also be fundamental to the failure process in subduction zone environments, as teleseismic and tidal modulation of tremor in Cascadia and Japan and high Poisson ratios in both source regions are indicative of pressurized pore fluids. Here we identify a robust correlation between extremely small, tidally induced shear stress parallel to the San Andreas fault and non-volcanic tremor activity near Parkfield, California. We suggest that this tremor represents shear failure on a critically stressed fault in the presence of near-lithostatic pore pressure. There are a number of similarities between tremor in subduction zone environments, such as Cascadia and Japan, and tremor on the deep San Andreas transform, suggesting that the results presented here may also be applicable in other tectonic settings.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, Amanda M -- Nadeau, Robert M -- Burgmann, Roland -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 24;462(7276):1048-51. doi: 10.1038/nature08654.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA. amthomas@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2010-03-26
    Description: Exceptional genomic stability is one of the hallmarks of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, the genes contributing to this stability remain obscure. We previously identified Zscan4 as a specific marker for two-cell embryo and ES cells. Here we show that Zscan4 is involved in telomere maintenance and long-term genomic stability in ES cells. Only 5% of ES cells express Zscan4 at a given time, but nearly all ES cells activate Zscan4 at least once during nine passages. The transient Zscan4-positive state is associated with rapid telomere extension by telomere recombination and upregulation of meiosis-specific homologous recombination genes, which encode proteins that are colocalized with ZSCAN4 on telomeres. Furthermore, Zscan4 knockdown shortens telomeres, increases karyotype abnormalities and spontaneous sister chromatid exchange, and slows down cell proliferation until reaching crisis by passage eight. Together, our data show a unique mode of genome maintenance in ES cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851843/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851843/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zalzman, Michal -- Falco, Geppino -- Sharova, Lioudmila V -- Nishiyama, Akira -- Thomas, Marshall -- Lee, Sung-Lim -- Stagg, Carole A -- Hoang, Hien G -- Yang, Hsih-Te -- Indig, Fred E -- Wersto, Robert P -- Ko, Minoru S H -- ZIA AG000655-11/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AG000656-11/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AG000700-02/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AG000706-02/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 8;464(7290):858-63. doi: 10.1038/nature08882. Epub 2010 Mar 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Genomics and Aging Section, Laboratory of Genetics, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20336070" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; *Genomic Instability ; Karyotyping ; Meiosis/genetics/physiology ; Mice ; Protein Transport ; Recombination, Genetic/genetics ; Sister Chromatid Exchange/genetics ; Telomere/*genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, John Meurig -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):325-6. doi: 10.1038/525325a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and at Peterhouse, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OFS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: A full description of the human proteome relies on the challenging task of detecting mature and changing forms of protein molecules in the body. Large-scale proteome analysis has routinely involved digesting intact proteins followed by inferred protein identification using mass spectrometry. This 'bottom-up' process affords a high number of identifications (not always unique to a single gene). However, complications arise from incomplete or ambiguous characterization of alternative splice forms, diverse modifications (for example, acetylation and methylation) and endogenous protein cleavages, especially when combinations of these create complex patterns of intact protein isoforms and species. 'Top-down' interrogation of whole proteins can overcome these problems for individual proteins, but has not been achieved on a proteome scale owing to the lack of intact protein fractionation methods that are well integrated with tandem mass spectrometry. Here we show, using a new four-dimensional separation system, identification of 1,043 gene products from human cells that are dispersed into more than 3,000 protein species created by post-translational modification (PTM), RNA splicing and proteolysis. The overall system produced greater than 20-fold increases in both separation power and proteome coverage, enabling the identification of proteins up to 105 kDa and those with up to 11 transmembrane helices. Many previously undetected isoforms of endogenous human proteins were mapped, including changes in multiply modified species in response to accelerated cellular ageing (senescence) induced by DNA damage. Integrated with the latest version of the Swiss-Prot database, the data provide precise correlations to individual genes and proof-of-concept for large-scale interrogation of whole protein molecules. The technology promises to improve the link between proteomics data and complex phenotypes in basic biology and disease research.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3237778/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3237778/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tran, John C -- Zamdborg, Leonid -- Ahlf, Dorothy R -- Lee, Ji Eun -- Catherman, Adam D -- Durbin, Kenneth R -- Tipton, Jeremiah D -- Vellaichamy, Adaikkalam -- Kellie, John F -- Li, Mingxi -- Wu, Cong -- Sweet, Steve M M -- Early, Bryan P -- Siuti, Nertila -- LeDuc, Richard D -- Compton, Philip D -- Thomas, Paul M -- Kelleher, Neil L -- F30 DA026672/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- F30 DA026672-03/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- GM 067193-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 DA018310/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P30 DA018310-06/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P30DA 018310/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM067193/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM067193-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Oct 30;480(7376):254-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22037311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Cell Aging/genetics ; Cell Line ; DNA Damage ; Databases, Protein ; HMGA1a Protein/analysis ; HMGA1b Protein/analysis ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Protein Isoforms/*analysis/*chemistry ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteolysis ; Proteome/*analysis/*chemistry ; Proteomics/instrumentation/*methods
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Black, Richard -- Bennett, Stephen R G -- Thomas, Sandy M -- Beddington, John R -- England -- Nature. 2011 Oct 20;478(7370):447-9. doi: 10.1038/478477a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22012304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acclimatization ; *Climate Change ; Disasters ; Emigration and Immigration/*statistics & numerical data/*trends ; *Environment ; Floods ; Humans ; Policy Making ; Politics ; Poverty ; Risk ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Urban Population
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-06-17
    Description: Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells has become the principal technology for manipulation of the mouse genome, offering unrivalled accuracy in allele design and access to conditional mutagenesis. To bring these advantages to the wider research community, large-scale mouse knockout programmes are producing a permanent resource of targeted mutations in all protein-coding genes. Here we report the establishment of a high-throughput gene-targeting pipeline for the generation of reporter-tagged, conditional alleles. Computational allele design, 96-well modular vector construction and high-efficiency gene-targeting strategies have been combined to mutate genes on an unprecedented scale. So far, more than 12,000 vectors and 9,000 conditional targeted alleles have been produced in highly germline-competent C57BL/6N embryonic stem cells. High-throughput genome engineering highlighted by this study is broadly applicable to rat and human stem cells and provides a foundation for future genome-wide efforts aimed at deciphering the function of all genes encoded by the mammalian genome.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572410/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572410/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skarnes, William C -- Rosen, Barry -- West, Anthony P -- Koutsourakis, Manousos -- Bushell, Wendy -- Iyer, Vivek -- Mujica, Alejandro O -- Thomas, Mark -- Harrow, Jennifer -- Cox, Tony -- Jackson, David -- Severin, Jessica -- Biggs, Patrick -- Fu, Jun -- Nefedov, Michael -- de Jong, Pieter J -- Stewart, A Francis -- Bradley, Allan -- 077188/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- U01-HG004080/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jun 15;474(7351):337-42. doi: 10.1038/nature10163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. skarnes@sanger.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21677750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; *Gene Deletion ; Gene Knockout Techniques/*methods ; Genes/*genetics ; Genes, Lethal/genetics ; Genetic Association Studies/*methods ; Genetic Vectors/genetics ; Genome/*genetics ; Genomics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout/*genetics ; Mutagenesis, Insertional/methods ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rats
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-11-07
    Description: Faults strengthen or heal with time in stationary contact, and this healing may be an essential ingredient for the generation of earthquakes. In the laboratory, healing is thought to be the result of thermally activated mechanisms that weld together micrometre-sized asperity contacts on the fault surface, but the relationship between laboratory measures of fault healing and the seismically observable properties of earthquakes is at present not well defined. Here we report on laboratory experiments and seismological observations that show how the spectral properties of earthquakes vary as a function of fault healing time. In the laboratory, we find that increased healing causes a disproportionately large amount of high-frequency seismic radiation to be produced during fault rupture. We observe a similar connection between earthquake spectra and recurrence time for repeating earthquake sequences on natural faults. Healing rates depend on pressure, temperature and mineralogy, so the connection between seismicity and healing may help to explain recent observations of large megathrust earthquakes which indicate that energetic, high-frequency seismic radiation originates from locations that are distinct from the geodetically inferred locations of large-amplitude fault slip.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLaskey, Gregory C -- Thomas, Amanda M -- Glaser, Steven D -- Nadeau, Robert M -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 1;491(7422):101-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11512.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. gmclaskey@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23128232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-11-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, John Meurig -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):186-7. doi: 10.1038/491186a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK. jmt2@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray/*history ; Great Britain ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Nobel Prize
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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