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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of Filterable Bromine Variabilities During Arctic Tropospheric Ozone Depletion Events in High (1hour) Time Resolution (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 34 (1999), S. 39-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: tropospheric ozone ; atmospheric aerosol particles ; halogen chemistry ; Arctic regions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The halogen ions Br- and Cl- together with NO3 -, SO4 =, MSA- (methane sulfonate), Na+ and NH4 + were analysed by ion chromatography in extracts of more than 800 aerosol cellulose filter samples taken at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (79°N, 12°E) in spring 1996 (March 27 - May 16) within the European Union project ARCTOC (Arctic Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry). Anticorrelated variations between f-Br (filterable bromine, i.e. water soluble bromine species that can be collected by aerosol filters) and ozone within the arctic troposphere were evaluated at a resolution of 1 or 2 hours for periods with depleted ozone and 4 hours at normal ozone. A mean f-Br concentration of 11 ng m-3 (0.14 nmol m-3) was observed for the whole campaign, while maximum concentrations of 80 ng m-3 (1 nmol m-3) were detected during two total O3-depletion events (O3 drop to mixing ratios below the detection limit of 〈 2 ppb). Anticorrelation between f-Br and O3 was also seen during minor O3-depletion episodes (sudden drop in O3 by at least 10 ppb, but O3 still exceeding the detection limit) and even for ozone variations near its background level (40-50 ppb). A time lag of about 10 hours between the change of ozone and of f-Br concentrations could only be found during a total ozone depletion event, when f-Br reached its maximum values several hours after ozone was totally destroyed. Bromine oxide (BrO) concentrations, measured by DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy), and f-Br showed a coincident variability during almost the entire campaign (except in the case of total O3-loss). Frequently enhanced anthropogenic nitrate and sulphate concentrations were observed during O3-depletion periods. At O3 concentrations 〈 10 ppb sulphate and nitrate exceed their typical mean level by 54% and 77%, respectively. This may indicate a possible connection between acidity and halogen release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006217001008
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intercomparison of snow Sampling and Analysis Within the Alpine-Wide Snowpack Investigation (SNOSP) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 67-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Snow sampling ; snow chemistry ; intercomparison ; Alps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the seasonal and geographical distribution of snow concentrations anddeposition fluxes of environmentally relevant ionic species in the Alps, the international programSNOSP was initiated. In the framework of this program, intercomparisons of snow samplingtechniques and analytical methods to determine the ionic species C1-, NO 3 - ,SO 4 2- , K+, Na+, NH4 +, Mg2+, and Ca2+, as well as the pH and the specificconductivity were performed. The concentrations of these species in the snow samples collectedin the SNOSP program varied by orders of magnitude with, e.g., concentrations of NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , and NH4 + ranging from 0.2-60, 0.2-90, and 0.1-60 µeq L-1,respectively. The intercomparisons revealed a reasonable agreement of the determinations of thespecies Cl-, NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , Na+, and NH4 + in snow. Results were less satisfactory for K+, Mg2+, Ca2+,and H+, mainly due to the very low concentrations. In conclusion, recommendations areformulated for the reliable derivation of chemical inventories from snow packs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022167507380
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intercomparison of snow sampling and analysis within the alpine-wide snowpack investigation (SNOSP) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 67-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Snow sampling ; snow chemistry ; intercomparison ; Alps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the seasonal and geographical distribution of snow concentrations and deposition fluxes of environmentally relevant ionic species in the Alps, the international program SNOSP was initiated. In the framework of this program, intercomparisons of snow sampling techniques and analytical methods to determine the ionic species Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−, K+, Na+, NH4 +, Mg2+, and Ca2+, as well as the pH and the specific conductivity were performed. The concentrations of these species in the snow samples collected in the SNOSP program varied by orders of magnitude with, e.g., concentrations of NO3 −, SO4 2−, and NH4 + ranging from 0.2–60, 0.2–90, and 0.1–60μeq L−1, respectively. The intercomparisons revealed a reasonable agreement of the determinations of the species Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−, Na+, and NH4 + in snow. Results were less satisfactory for K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and H+, mainly due to the very low concentrations. In conclusion, recommendations are formulated for the reliable derivation of chemical inventories from snow packs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404748
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial variability in the chemical composition of the snowcover at high alpine sites (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 56 (1997), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary For a comparison of snow chemistry data from different glaciers or snow fields it is important to have informations about the spatial representativeness of the data from each of the individual sites. In order to assess the representativeness of concentration data of major ions (volume weighted means of the winter accumulation) from glacier fields we investigated the variability in the average concentration of major ions from parallel samples within one snow pit and from different pits within one glacier field. The variabilities in the average concentrations of NO 3 - , SO 4 2- and NH 4 + for three parallel profiles within one snow pit at Goldbergkees (Austria) were 1.2, 3.3 and 2.0% (coefficient of variation). Cl− and Na+ showed larger variations (6.6 and 56.6%) possibly originating from contaminations. The variability of average concentration data from different snow pits within one glacier field was studied at La Grave (France) and at Goldbergkees (Austria). At La Grave 3 pits and at Goldbergkees 4 pits at distance of several hundred meters were sampled. Variabilities for SO 4 2- and NO 3 - were quite similar for the two sites (17% for both ions at La Grave, 12% and 15% at Goldbergkees). Whereas variabilities for Na+, NH 4 + , Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl− were quite low at La Grave (⩾ 12% and 27% for Cl−), higher values were obtained at Goldbergkees for these ions (17–56%). Likely reasons for the higher variability observed at Goldbergkees are a) higher spatial variability of crustal aerosol species (Mg2+, Ca2+), b) problems with the detection limit of the analytical method (Ca2+), c) contaminations (Na+, Cl−).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00863780
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  • 5
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    Intercomparison of snow sampling and analysis within the alpine-wide snowpack investigation (SNOSP) (1997)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0049-6979
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2932
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
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    Glacio-meteorological and isotopic studies along the EGIG line, central Greenland (1995)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-01-01
    Description: The geographical distribution of firn temperature, annual accumulation rate as well as deuterium and oxygen-18 content in the firn were determined along an east-west transect through central Greenland. This study is based on isotopic and chemical analyses of shallow firn cores at 18 sites along the EGIG line and high-precision firn-temperature measurements m 17 steam-drilled boreholes along the eastern part of the transect. The firn temperatures at 15 m depth range from -31.6°C at Dome GRIP (3230 m a.s.l.) to -11.4°C at Caecilia Nunatak (eastern ice margin at 1600 m a.sl.) and -18°C at T05 (near the western ice margin at 1900 m a.s.l.). The temperature/altitude gradient changes from -0.7°C (100 m)−1in the ice divide region to -1.1 °C (100 m)−1in the eastern part of the dry-snow zone. The temperature/latitude gradient in the central part of the EGIG line is -0.7° C lat−1The average annual accumulation decreases significantly from the west (~47 cm a−1water equivalent at T05) towards the ice divide (20–25 cm a−1water equivalent from T99 to T43). Accumulation rates are constantly low east of the ice divide (−23–17 cm a−1water equivalent), thus dividing central Greenland into two climatologically different regions. The average δ18O and δD values along the whole EGIG line reflect the well-known temperature-dependence for Greenland very well (e.g. ∂18O/∂Tm= 0.69%ₒ °C–1Different regression lines for the western and eastern part, however, should be applied. Unlike the mean annual temperature, the isotopic minimum along the EGIG line lies east of the ice divide. This geographical distribution supports the choice of different water-vapour trajectories in central Greenland for the west and for the east. Significant parts of the water precipitated over the western slope are attributed to cyclonic systems entering Greenland from the west. The deuterium excess shows no significant geographical trend but a uniform seasonal variation at all sites along the EGIG line, suggesting equal contributions from vapour-source areas of the water precipitated over central Greenland.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 7
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    Glacio-meteorological and isotopic studies along the EGIG line, central Greenland (1995)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-01-01
    Description: The geographical distribution of firn temperature, annual accumulation rate as well as deuterium and oxygen-18 content in the firn were determined along an east-west transect through central Greenland. This study is based on isotopic and chemical analyses of shallow firn cores at 18 sites along the EGIG line and high-precision firn-temperature measurements m 17 steam-drilled boreholes along the eastern part of the transect. The firn temperatures at 15 m depth range from -31.6°C at Dome GRIP (3230 m a.s.l.) to -11.4°C at Caecilia Nunatak (eastern ice margin at 1600 m a.sl.) and -18°C at T05 (near the western ice margin at 1900 m a.s.l.). The temperature/altitude gradient changes from -0.7°C (100 m)−1 in the ice divide region to -1.1 °C (100 m)−1 in the eastern part of the dry-snow zone. The temperature/latitude gradient in the central part of the EGIG line is -0.7° C lat−1 The average annual accumulation decreases significantly from the west (~47 cm a−1 water equivalent at T05) towards the ice divide (20–25 cm a−1 water equivalent from T99 to T43). Accumulation rates are constantly low east of the ice divide (−23–17 cm a−1 water equivalent), thus dividing central Greenland into two climatologically different regions. The average δ18O and δD values along the whole EGIG line reflect the well-known temperature-dependence for Greenland very well (e.g. ∂18O/∂Tm = 0.69%ₒ °C–1 Different regression lines for the western and eastern part, however, should be applied. Unlike the mean annual temperature, the isotopic minimum along the EGIG line lies east of the ice divide. This geographical distribution supports the choice of different water-vapour trajectories in central Greenland for the west and for the east. Significant parts of the water precipitated over the western slope are attributed to cyclonic systems entering Greenland from the west. The deuterium excess shows no significant geographical trend but a uniform seasonal variation at all sites along the EGIG line, suggesting equal contributions from vapour-source areas of the water precipitated over central Greenland.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 8
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    Accumulation Characteristics on a Cold, High-Alpine Firn Saddle from a Snow-Pit Study on Colle Gnifetti, Monte Rosa, Swiss Alps (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-01-01
    Description: In a snow pit, incorporating about 2.5 a of accumulation, on the 4 450 m high Colle Gnifetti, Monte Rosa, various snow characteristics, isotopes (δ18O, 3H), electrical conductivity, dust, trace elements, and pollen were investigated. The aim of this study was to develop a key for the stratigraphic interpretation of cores from cold, high-alpine firn areas. It appears that the strong influence of wind results in mixing and re-sedimentation processes in the surface layers. Nevertheless, by interpreting several parameters in a combined way, it is possible to classify a large number of the layers according to their season and sometimes to their place of origin. Apart from the melt layers, which only appear in early summer to summer layers, other prominent features are the (Saharan) dust falls, characterized by dust and conductivity peaks.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 9
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    Accumulation Characteristics on a Cold, High-Alpine Firn Saddle from a Snow-Pit Study on Colle Gnifetti, Monte Rosa, Swiss Alps (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-01-01
    Description: In a snow pit, incorporating about 2.5 a of accumulation, on the 4 450 m high Colle Gnifetti, Monte Rosa, various snow characteristics, isotopes (δ 18O, 3H), electrical conductivity, dust, trace elements, and pollen were investigated. The aim of this study was to develop a key for the stratigraphic interpretation of cores from cold, high-alpine firn areas. It appears that the strong influence of wind results in mixing and re-sedimentation processes in the surface layers. Nevertheless, by interpreting several parameters in a combined way, it is possible to classify a large number of the layers according to their season and sometimes to their place of origin. Apart from the melt layers, which only appear in early summer to summer layers, other prominent features are the (Saharan) dust falls, characterized by dust and conductivity peaks.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 10
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    Snow-accumulation rates and isotopic content (2H,3H) of near-surface firn from the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1994)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-01
    Description: The accumulation and distribution of the 2H content of near-surface layers in the eastern part of the Ronne Ice Shelf were determined from 16 firn cores drilled to about 10 m depth during the Filchner IIIa and IV campaigns in 1990 and 1992, respectively. The cores were dated stratigraphically by seasonal δ2H variations in the firn. In addition, 3H and high-resolution chemical profiles were used to assist in dating. Both the accumulation rate and the stable-isotope content decrease with increasing distance from the ice edge: the δ2H values range from about 195‰ at the ice edge to -25‰ at BAS sites 5 and 6, south of Henry Ice Rise, and the accumulation rates from about 210 to 90 kgm-2 a-1. The δ2H values of the near-surface firn and the 10 m firn temperatures (Θ) at individual sites are very well correlated: dδ2H/dΘ = (10.3 ± 0.6)‰K-1; r = 0.97. The δ2H profiles of the two ice cores BI3 and BI5 drilled in 1990 and 1992 to 215 and 320 m depth, respectively, reflect the gradual depletion in 2H in the firn upstream of the drill sites. Comparison with the surface data indicates that the ice above 142 m in core BIS and above 137 m in core BI3 was deposited on the ice shelf, whereas the deeper ice, down to 152.8 m depth, most probably originated from the margin of the Antarctic ice sheet.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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