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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the HO2+NO reaction rate constant on one-dimensional model calculations of stratospheric ozone perturbations (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 497-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: 1-D model ; Ozone perturbation ; Photochemistry ; Sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of a one-dimensional steady-state, stratospheric model we have calculated ozone changes coused by atmosphric injections of NOx, N2O and chlorofluoromethanes. Adopting the fast rate constant, for the reaction HO2+NO»OH+NO2 measured by Howard and Evenson, we calculate much smaller perturbations of the ozone layer by NOx and N2O additions than previously estimated, but about two times larger ozone reductions as a result of continued emissions of chlorofluoromethanes, CF2Cl2 and CFCl3. The model results are sensitive to adopted values for the rate coefficients for the reactions HO2+O3»OH+2O2 and OH+HO2»H2O+O2 and the eddy diffusion profile near the tropopause. More accurate assessments of ozone perturbations require the development of photochemical models that incorporate meteorological processes in more than one dimension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01636903
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scientific objectives of the Solar Mesosphere Explorer mission (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 591-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Solar Mesosphere Explorer ; Ozone ; Water vapor ; Solar ultraviolet monitor ; Limb radiance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The 1981–82 Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) mission is described. The SME experiment will provide a comprehensive study of mesospheric ozone and the processes which form and destroy it. Five instruments will be carried on the spinning spacecraft to measure the ozone density and its altitude distribution from 30 to 80 km, monitor the incoming solar ultraviolet radiation, and measure other atmospheric constituent which affect ozone. The polar-orbiting spacecraft will be placed into a 3pm-3 am Sun-synchronous orbit. The atmospheric measurements will scan the Earth's limb and measure: (1) the mesospheric and stratospheric ozone density distribution by inversion of Rayleigh-scattered ultraviolet limb radiance, and the thermal emission from ozone at 9.6 μm; (2) the water vapor density distribution by inversion of thermal emission at 6.3 μm; (3) the ozone photolysis rate by inversion of the O2(1Δg) 1.27 μm limb radiance; (4) the temperature profile by a combination of narrow-band and wide-band measurements of the 15 μm thermal emission by CO2; and, (5) theNO2 density distribution by inversion of Rayleighscattered limb radiance at 0.439 μm. The solar ultraviolet monitor will measure both the 0.2–0.31 μm spectral region and the Lyman-alpha (0.1216 μm) contribution to the solar irradiance. This combination of measurements will provide a rigorous test of the photochemical equilibrium theory of the mesospheric oxygen-hydrogen system, will determine what changes occur in the ozone distribution as a result of changes in the incoming solar radiation, and will detect changes that may occur as a result of meteorological disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01586468
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scenarios of possible changes in atmospheric temperatures and ozone concentrations due to man's activities, estimated with a one-dimensional coupled photochemical climate model (1988)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 2 (1988), S. 173-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A one-dimensional coupled climate and chemistry model has been developed to estimate past and possible future changes in atmospheric temperatures and chemical composition due to human activities. The model takes into account heat flux into the oceans and uses a new tropospheric temperature lapse rate formulation. As found in other studies, we estimate that the combined “greenhouse effect” of CH4, O3, CF2Cl2, CFCl3 and N2O in the future will be about as large as that of CO2. Our model calculates an increase in average global surface temperatures by about 0.6°C since the start of the industrial era and predicts for A.D. 2050 a twice as large additional rise. Substantial depletions of ozone in the upper stratosphere by between 25% and 55% are calculated, depending on scenario. Accompanying temperature changes are between 15°C and 25°C. Bromine compounds are found to be important, if no rigid international regulations on CFC emissions are effective. Our model may, however, concivably underestimate possible effects of CFCl3, CF2Cl2, C2F3Cl3 and other CFC and organic bromine emissions on lower stratospheric ozone, because it can not simulate the rapid breakdown of ozone which is now being observed worldwide. An uncertainty study regarding the photochemistry of stratospheric ozone, especially in the region below about 25 km, is included. We propose a reaction, involving excited molecular oxygen formation from ozone photolysis, as a possible solution to the problem of ozone concentrations calculated to be too low above 45 km. We also estimate that tropospheric ozone concentrations have grown strongly in the northern hemisphere since pre-industrial times and that further large increases may take place, especially if global emissions of NOx from fossil fuel and biomass burning were to continue to increase. Growing NOx emissions from aircraft may play an important role in ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere and low stratosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053474
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric effects from post-nuclear fires (1984)
    Springer
    Climatic change 6 (1984), S. 323-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During a large nuclear war, the atmosphere would be loaded with huge quantities of pollutants, which are produced by fires in urban and industrial centers, cultivated lands, forests and grasslands. Especially detrimental are the effects of light absorbing airborne particles. An analysis of the amounts of the various types of fuels which could burn in a nuclear war indicates that more than 1014 g of black smoke could be produced by fires started by the nuclear explosions. Due to this, the penetration of sunlight to the earth's surface would be reduced greatly over extended areas of the northern hemisphere, maybe even globally. This could temporarily cause extreme darkness in large areas in midlatitudes and reduce crop growth and biospheric productivity. This situation would last for several weeks and cause very anomalous meteorological conditions. Much solar radiation would be absorbed in the atmosphere instead of at the earth's surface. The land areas and lower atmosphere would, therefore, cool and the overlying atmosphere warm, creating strong vertical thermal stability in a highly polluted atmosphere. For extended periods and in large parts of the world, weather conditions would be abnormal. The resulting cold, probably freezing, temperatures at the ground would interfere severely with crop production during the growing season and cause extreme conditions for large sections of the biosphere. The combination of lack of sunlight, frost and other adverse meteorological conditions would add enormously to the already huge problems of the survivors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212627
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning (1980)
    Springer
    Climatic change 2 (1980), S. 207-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to estimate the production of charcoal and the atmospheric emissions of trace gases volatilized by burning we have estimated the global amounts of biomass which are affected by fires. We have roughly calculated annual gross burning rates ranging between about 5 Pg and 9 Pg (1 Pg = 1015 g) of dry matter (2–4 Pg C). In comparison, about 9–17 Pg of above-ground dry matter (4–8 Pg C) is exposed to fires, indicating a worldwide average burning efficiency of about 50%. The production of dead below-ground dry matter varies between 6–9 Pg per year. We have tentatively indicated the possibility of a large production of elemental carbon (0.5–1.7 Pg C/yr) due to the incomplete combustion of biomass to charcoal. This provides a sink for atmospheric CO2, which would have been particularly important during the past centuries. From meager statistical information and often ill-documented statements in the literature, it is extremely difficult to calculate the net carbon release rates to the atmosphere from the biomass changes which take place, especially in the tropics. All together, we calculate an overall effect lof the biosphere on the atmospheric carbon dioxide budget which may range between the possibilities of a net uptake or a net release of about 2 Pg C/yr. The release of CO2 to the atmosphere by deforestation projects may well be balanced by reforestation and by the production of charcoal. Better information is needed, however, to make these estimates more reliable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00137988
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling of the nighttime nitrogen and sulfur chemistry in size resolved droplets of an orographic cloud (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 20 (1995), S. 89-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: model ; orographic cloud ; sulfur ; nitrogen oxides ; heterogeneous oxidation ; iron catalysis ; Henry's law ; droplet size spectrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A chemistry module has been incorporated into a Lagrangian type model that computes the dynamics and microphysics of an orographical cloud formed in moist air flowing over the summit of Great Dun Fell (GDF) in England. The cloud droplets grow on a maritime aerosol which is assumed to be an external mixture of sea-salt particles and ammonium-sulfate particles. The dry particle radii are in the range 10 nm〈r〈1 µm. The gas-phase chemical reaction scheme considers reactions of nitrogen compounds that are important at night. The treatment of scavenging of gases into the aqueous phase in the model takes into account the different solubilities and accommodation coefficients. The chemistry in the aqueous phase focusses on the oxidation of S(IV) via different pathways. Sensitivity analyses have been performed to investigate deviations from gas-liquid equilibria according to Henry's law and also to study the influence of iron and of nitrogen compounds on the aqueous-phase oxidation of dissolved SO2. When addressing these questions, special attention has been given to the dependence on the droplet size distribution and on the chemical composition of the cloud condensation nuclei on which the droplets have formed. It was found that the oxidation of S(IV) via a chain reaction of sulfur radicals can be important under conditions where H2O2 is low. However, major uncertainties remain with respect to the interaction of iron with the radical chain. It was shown that mixing of individual cloud droplets, which are not in equilibrium according to Henry's law, can result in a bulk sample in equilibrium with the ambient air. The dependence of the aqueous-phase concentrations on the size of the cloud droplets is discussed for iron, chloride and NO3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01099920
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emission of aliphatic amines from animal husbandry and their reactions: Potential source of N2O and HCN (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 22 (1995), S. 319-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: animal waste ; volatilization of aliphatic amines ; atmospheric chemistry of methylamines ; global N2O and HCN budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We measured the emissions of volatile aliphatic amines and ammonia produced by the manure of beef cattle, dairy cows, swine, laying hens and horses in livestock buildings. The amine emissions consisted almost exclusively of the three methylamines and correlated with those of ammonia. The molar emission ratios of the methylamines to ammonia, and data on NH3 emissions from animal husbandry in Europe, together with global statistics on domestic animals, were used to estimate the global emissions of amines. Annual global methylamine-N input to the atmosphere from animal husbandry in 1988 was 0.15±0.06 TgN (Tg=1012 g). Almost 3/4 of these emissions consisted of trimethylamine-N. This represents about half of all methylamine emissions to the atmosphere. Other sources are marine coastal waters and biomass burning. Possible reaction pathways for atmospheric methylamines are shown. Among various speculative but possible products N2O and HCN are of interest because the emission of methylamines could contribute to the global budgets of these compounds. Maximum atmospheric N2O production from methylamines are below 0.4 Tg N/year, which is less than 10% of the annual N2O growth rate. Although we do not expect the methylamine emissions to contribute in a major way to the atmospheric N2O budget, more studies are needed to establish this conclusion beyond doubt. Similar conclusions hold for HCN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696641
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methane emission measurements in urban areas in Eastern Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 24 (1996), S. 121-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: tropospheric methane ; CH4 emissions ; natural gas ; tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated methane emissions from urban sources in the former East Germany using innovative measurement techniques including a mobile real-time methane instrument and tracer release experiments. Anthropogenic and biogenic sources were studied with the emphasis on methane emissions from gas system sources, including urban distribution facilities and a production plant. Methane fluxes from pressure regulating stations ranged from 0.006 to 24. l/min. Emissions from diffuse sources in urban areas were also measured with concentration maps and whole city flux experiments. The area fluxes of the two towns studied were 0.37 and 1.9 μg/m2/s. The emissions from individual gas system stations and total town emissions of this study are comparable to results of similar sites examined in the United States.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162407
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editors' note (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 3 (1985), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049365
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iodine Chemistry and its Role in Halogen Activation and Ozone Loss in the Marine Boundary Layer: A Model Study (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 32 (1999), S. 375-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: aerosol ; iodine chemistry ; halogen chemistry ; marine boundary layer ; modeling ; ozone loss ; sea salt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A detailed set of reactions treating the gas and aqueous phase chemistry of the most important iodine species in the marine boundary layer (MBL) has been added to a box model which describes Br and Cl chemistry in the MBL. While Br and Cl originate from seasalt, the I compounds are largely derived photochemically from several biogenic alkyl iodides, in particular CH2I2, CH2ClI, C2H5I, C3H7I, or CH3I which are released from the sea. Their photodissociation produces some inorganic iodine gases which can rapidly react in the gas and aqueous phase with other halogen compounds. Scavenging of the iodine species HI, HOI, INO2, and IONO2 by aerosol particles is not a permanent sink as assumed in previous modeling studies. Aqueous-phase chemical reactions can produce the compounds IBr, ICl, and I2, which will be released back into the gas phase due to their low solubility. Our study, although highly theoretical, suggests that almost all particulate iodine is in the chemical form of IO-3. Other aqueous-phase species are only temporary reservoirs and can be re-activated to yield gas phase iodine. Assuming release rates of the organic iodine compounds which yield atmospheric concentrations similar to some measurements, we calculate significant concentrations of reactive halogen gases. The addition of iodine chemistry to our reaction scheme has the effect of accelerating photochemical Br and Cl release from the seasalt. This causes an enhancement in ozone destruction rates in the MBL over that arising from the well established reactions O(1D) + H2O → 2OH, HO2 + O3 → OH + 2O2, and OH + O3 → HO2 + O2. The given reaction scheme accounts for the formation of particulate iodine which is preferably accumulated in the smaller sulfate aerosol particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006179901037
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